1. Pharmacology

2. Derivation & Definition
PHARMACOLOGY PHARMAC – O – LOGY Pharmac : Drug O : Connecting Vowel Logy : Study The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and mode of action of drugs

3. Branches of Pharmacology
PHARMACODYNAMICS
PHARMACOKINETICS

4. DEFINITIONS
PK – WHAT BODY DOES TO THE DRUG
WHAT DRUG DOES TO THE BODY – PD
Pharmacokinetics : Concerned with the movement of drugs within the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) of drugs and their relationship to pharmacological response Pharmacodynamics: Concerned with the quantitative study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs and it includes mode of action, side effects, and adverse effects

5. ABSOPRTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
EXCRETION
The process by which the drug from the site of administration is taken up into the blood stream

6. Occurrence of drug at all parts of the body
ABSOPRTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
EXCRETION
Occurrence of drug at all parts of the body

7. ABSOPRTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
EXCRETION
The transformation of the drug in the active form to have the desired effect

8. ABSOPRTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
EXCRETION
Removal of the drug from the body. The major organ of excretion is kidney and other organs are large intestine, lungs, sweat glands etc.

9. Other Terminologies
Bioavailability
Peak Plasma Concentration
Elimination Half Life
Median Lethal Dose
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Median Effective Dose
Therapeutic Index
The amount or percentage of drug that is absorbed from a given dosage form and reaches the systemic circulation

10. Other Terminologies
Bioavailability
Peak Plasma Concentration
Elimination Half Life
Median Lethal Dose
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Median Effective Dose
Therapeutic Index
The maximum concentration of the drug achieved in the blood stream to attain the desired target

11. Other Terminologies
Bioavailability
Peak Plasma Concentration
Elimination Half Life
Median Lethal Dose
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Median Effective Dose
Therapeutic Index
The time taken for the drug to reduce to half of its original amount in the blood stream for further utilization

12. Other Terminologies
Bioavailability
Peak Plasma Concentration
Elimination Half Life
Median Lethal Dose
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Median Effective Dose
Therapeutic Index
The dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration

13. Other Terminologies
Bioavailability
Peak Plasma Concentration
Elimination Half Life
Median Lethal Dose
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Median Effective Dose
Therapeutic Index
The lowest concentration of an antibiotic medication in the blood that is effective against a bacterial infection. ie; The lowest concentration that inhibits the growth of microbes

14. Other Terminologies
The dose of a drug that may be expected to cause a specific intensity of effect in half of the patients. ie; The dose that produces a desired effect in 50% of the test population
Bioavailability
Peak Plasma Concentration
Elimination Half Life
Median Lethal Dose
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Median Effective Dose
Therapeutic Index

15. Other Terminologies
An approximate assessment of the safety of the drug. It is the ratio of the median lethal dose to the median effective dose. MEDIAN LETHAL DOSE MEDIAN EFFECTIVE DOSE Higher the therapeutic index, safe is the drug.
Bioavailability
Peak Plasma Concentration
Elimination Half Life
Median Lethal Dose
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Median Effective Dose
Therapeutic Index

16. Drug
The word ‘DRUG’ is derived from the French word ‘DROGUE’ which means ‘A DRY HERB’ A drug is defined as any substance used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, relief or cure of a disease in human beings or animals

17. Classification of drugs
Those prescribed to prevent the occurrence of a disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors, or to prevent the recurrence of a disease or condition
Preventive
Diagnostic
Symptomatic
Palliative
Therapeutic

18. Classification of drugs
Those prescribed to find the cause of a disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors.
Preventive
Diagnostic
Symptomatic
Palliative
Therapeutic

19. Classification of drugs
Those prescribed to treat the symptoms of a disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors.
Preventive
Diagnostic
Symptomatic
Palliative
Therapeutic

20. Classification of drugs
Those prescribed to reduce symptoms of the disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors.
Preventive
Diagnostic
Symptomatic
Palliative
Therapeutic

21. Classification of drugs
Those prescribed to treat the disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors of a disease or condition
Preventive
Diagnostic
Symptomatic
Palliative
Therapeutic

22. Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral
Rectal
Vaginal
Parenteral

23. Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral
Rectal
Vaginal
Parenteral

24. Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral
Rectal
Vaginal
Parenteral

25. Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral
Rectal
Vaginal
Parenteral

26. Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral
Rectal
Vaginal
Parenteral

27. Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral
Rectal
Vaginal
Parenteral

28. Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral
Rectal
Vaginal
Parenteral

29. Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral
Rectal
Vaginal
Parenteral

30. Drug Dosage forms Capsules Drops Dry syrup Enemas Inhaler and Aerosols
Injections
Sprays
Suppositories
Tablets
Transdermal patches
Lotion and Oils
Powder, ointment, cream & rub

31. dosages O.D Omni die once daily B.D Bis die twice a day
T.I.D Ter in die three times a day
Q.I.D Quarter in die four times a day
Q6h Quaque 6 hora every 6 hours
H.S Hora somni at bed time
A.C Ante cibum before food
P.C Post cibum after food
S.O.S Si-opus-sit whenever required
STAT Statim immediately, at once

32. Indications & Contraindications
Conditions in which the drug should be used for the treatment of that particular disease Conditions in which the drug should not be used as it may lead to further complications

33. Drug Interactions
Results in an undesirable or unexpected event that requires some change in the clinician's care of the patient; such as discontinuing a drug, modifying a dosage, prolonging hospitalization or administering supportive treatment

34. TERATOGENIC EFFECT. The mode of production of a malformed
TERATOGENIC EFFECT The mode of production of a malformed foetus; (abnormalities in the development)
CARCINOGENIC EFFECT  A substance is capable of causing cancer
ADDITIVE EFFECT When two drugs are administered together the total effect is sum of their individual effect.
E.g. Ephedrine and Theophylline for asthma
SYNERGISM When two drugs are administered together the total effect is greater than the sum of their individual effect.
E.g. Gliclazide with Metformin.

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