1. Washington and The New Republic

2. Political Freedoms Before 1820
Women
North – not educated, lower classes had to work, could not vote
South – supervised plantation houses, housewives and farmers, could not vote
Wage Earners
North – was compared to slavery, lived in tenements (cramped apartments), worked long hours, low pay, few voted
Landless Farmers
South – long hours, unstable work, tenant farming, few could vote
Free Blacks
North – segregated, did not have full rights, few allowed to vote
South – tenant farmers, no civil rights, could not vote
Slaves: South – absolutely no rights, followed slave codes
Natives: land acquisition pushed them off their land, not considered citizens
Immigrants
British, Germans, Irish
Moved to cities in large numbers, increasing population and competition for jobs → Nativism (native born favored over foreign born)

4. Washington Shapes the Government
Challenges
Establish strong national government
Gain respect of Britain, France, and other countries
Washington Heads the New Government
Shaping the Executive Branch
Cabinet = advisors to the president
Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War – Henry Knox
Attorney General – Edmund Randolph

6. Washington knew that he would establish a precedent (example, tradition to be followed) for how to govern
Washington’s first task was to set up the details of the federal court system that was authorized by the Constitution
Judiciary Act of 1789 = set up the federal court system
Supreme Court (1 chief & 5 justices)
Circuit Courts
District Courts
Allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when constitutional issues were raised

7. Creation of first Political Parties
Hamilton
Jefferson
Federalist
Strong central government
Rule of rich, educated elite
Economy based on industry
Loose Interpretation of Constitution
Support from North
Democratic-Republican
Stronger state governments
Democracy of farmers
Economy based on agriculture
Strict Interpretation of Constitution
Support from South & West

8. Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Manage U.S. debts & establish national banking system
Pay foreign debt & issue new bonds to cover the old ones
How: deposit taxes and private investors $; tariffs
Issues
1. Was a national bank constitutional?
Strict = federal government had limited powers
Loose = greater federal powers from “Elastic Clause”
2. Federal government to assume debts of states
Southern states that had already paid off their debts did not like this
Deal – If Capital was moved from New York City to South (DC), the South would pass the debt plan
The compromise was passed

9. Regional differences
Protective Tariff = tax on imports
So government could make money
Protected the American markets
Excise Tax = tax on a product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution
Placed on whiskey
PA farmers protested, so Washington sent troops to put down their rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion , 1787 – 1st time the government used force; showed the strength of the federal government

10. Border Issues

11. Treaty with Spain
Spain controls access to New Orleans, a key trading post, and use of the Mississippi River
Wanted to secure their land claims west of the Appalachian Mountains & shipping rights on the Mississippi River
Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 (Treaty of San Lorenzo)
U.S. got land east of
Mississippi River
except Florida
Gained use of the
Mississippi River and
New Orleans

12. Troubles with Native Americans
As more and more people began to move and settle west of the Appalachians, the settlers came into conflict with natives, whose land claims were ignored → Battle of Fallen Timbers – Americans end Native resistance in OH
Treaty of Greenville – natives gave up most of their lands
Sets precedent in which natives were paid much less for their land than it was worth

13. British violated 1783 treaty by maintaining forts in the area
Troubles with Britain
More and more people began to move and settle west of the Appalachians into Northwest Territory (1783 Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain gave up its land rights allowed pioneers to settle here)
British violated 1783 treaty by maintaining forts in the area
British navy raiding
American ships and
kidnapping
(impressments)
American soldiers

14. Jay’s Treaty (1794)
British gave up posts in Northwest Territory, but could continue fur trade
Did not correct problem of freedom of the seas
Postponed showdown (War of 1812) between U.S. & Great Britain

15. Washington’s Farewell Address, 1797
Speech the president gives as he leaves office
Warned against political parties and foreign entanglements
established a policy of isolation (neutrality) = staying out of foreign affairs