1. Chapter 8 Cell Reproduction
SPI:
4.1 Identify the structure and function of DNA.
4.6 Describe how meiosis is involved in the production of egg and sperm cells.
4.7 Describe how meiosis and sexual reproduction contribute to genetic variation in a population.
Conceptual Strand: Organisms reproduce and transmit hereditary information.

2. Chapter 8 Table of Contents Section 1 Chromosomes
Cell Reproduction
Table of Contents
Section 1 Chromosomes
Section 2 Cell Division
Section 3 Meiosis

3. In the endoplasmic reticulum In the mitochondria
Bellringer # 1
DNA is located _______.
In the nucleus
In the cytoplasm
In the endoplasmic reticulum
In the mitochondria
Clear desk except for a highlighter, and Ch 10 scantron, and a test packet.

4. Mitosis is the process by which DNA is replicated Cytokinesis occurs.
Bellringer # 2
Mitosis is the process by which
DNA is replicated
Cytokinesis occurs.
Cells grow in size.
A cell’s nucleus divides.
Open text to pg 151. Set up notes for 8.1.

5. Chapter 8 Objectives Section 1 Chromosomes
Describe the structure of a chromosome.
Identify the differences in structure between prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes.
Compare the numbers of chromosomes in different species.
Explain the differences between sex chromosomes and autosomes.
Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.

6. DNA Structure
DNA: Long, (3 billion nucleotides) thin molecule that stores genetic info in nucleus of eukaryotes.
coiled, packaged, and organized into rod-shaped structures: chromosomes.

7. Chromosomes: made of DNA and protein.
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Structure
Chromosomes: made of DNA and protein.
In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around histone proteins to help maintain compact structure.

8. Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Structure

9. Chapter 8 Parts of a Chromosome Section 1 Chromosomes
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Visual Concept

10. Chromosome Structure, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Structure, continued
Chromosomes consist of 2 identical halves called chromatids.
Identical chromatids are attached at a point called a centromere.

11. Chromosome Structure cont.
When cell divides each half receives a chromatid.
Chromatin: DNA’s not so tightly coiled stage that occurs between cell divisions.

12. Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers of Various Organisms

13. Chromosome Numbers, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers, continued
Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
Sex chromosomes determine the gender of an organism.
Humans: XX=Female, XY=Male
All other chromosomes in an organism are autosomes.

14. Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes
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Visual Concept

15. Every cell has 2 copies of each autosome (1 copy from each parent) called homologous chromosomes: the same size and shape, and carry genes for the same traits.

16. Chromosome Numbers, continued
Section 1 Chromosomes
Chapter 8
Chromosome Numbers, continued
Diploid and Haploid Cells
Cells having 2 sets of chromosomes are diploid (2n).
All cells except for sex cells (sperm and egg).
Haploid cells (1n) have only one set of chromosomes.
Sperm and egg cells

17. Chapter 8 Karyotype Section 1 Chromosomes
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Visual Concept

18. Chromosome Histone Chromatid Centromere Chromatin
8.1 Vocab
Chromosome
Histone
Chromatid
Centromere
Chromatin
6. Sex chromosome 7. Autosome 8. Homologous Chromosome 9. Diploid 10. Haploid

19. Open text to pg 154. Set up notes for 8.2
Bellringer # 3
How many chromosomes are in the body cells of an organism that has a haploid number of 8? 4 8 12 16
Open text to pg 154. Set up notes for 8.2

20. Chapter 8 Objectives Section 2 Cell Division
Describe the events of cell division in prokaryotes.
Name the two parts of the cell that are equally divided during cell division in eukaryotes.
Summarize the events of interphase.
Describe the stages of mitosis.
Compare cytokinesis in animal cells with cytokinesis in plant cells.
Explain how cell division is controlled.

21. All cells come from the division of preexisting cells.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division
All cells come from the division of preexisting cells.
Cell division: process by which cells reproduce.

22. Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes: Have cell wall. No nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Circular chromosome. EX. Bacteria
Binary fission: cell division in prokaryotes.
Draw this figure

23. The repeating set of events in the life of a cell.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes
Cell Cycle
The repeating set of events in the life of a cell.
Includes interphase, nuclear division, called mitosis, and the division of cytoplasm, called cytokinesis.

24. Interphase Period of growth and development where the DNA is copied.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Cell Division in Eukaryotes, continued
Interphase
Period of growth and development where the DNA is copied.
consists of growth (G1), DNA replication or Synthesis (S), and preparation for cell division (G2).

25. Dense patches within the nucleus. Bacterial chromosomes.
Bellringer # 4
Chromatids are
Dense patches within the nucleus.
Bacterial chromosomes.
Duplicate halves of a chromosome.
Prokaryotic nuclei.
Open text to pg 156. Get out notes for 8.2. Turn in make-up work.

26. divided into 4 stages: PMAT
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
2. Mitosis-Division of Nucleus
divided into 4 stages: PMAT

27. DNA coils into chromosomes. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear.
A. Prophase:
DNA coils into chromosomes.
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear.
Centrosomes move to opposite poles of cell.
Spindle fibers form from centrosome.

28. Chromosomes line up in Middle of cell.
B. Metaphase:
Chromosomes line up in Middle of cell.

29. C. Anaphase
Spindle fibers shorten and separate chromatids at centromere and move towards opposite poles.

30. Spindle fibers disassemble. Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin state
D. Telophase
Spindle fibers disassemble.
Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin state
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus form.

31. plant cells: cell plate separates cell into 2 cells.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
3. Cytokinesis-Division of cytoplasm
animal cells: cleavage furrow pinches in and separates cell into 2 cells.
plant cells: cell plate separates cell into 2 cells.

32. Chapter 8 Comparing Cell Division in Plants and Animals
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Comparing Cell Division in Plants and Animals
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Visual Concept

33. Control of the Cell Cycle
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of the Cell Cycle
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Visual Concept

34. Cancer may result if cells do not respond to control mechanisms.
Section 2 Cell Division
Chapter 8
Control of Cell Division
When Control is Lost:
Cancer may result if cells do not respond to control mechanisms.

35. Binary Fission Interphase Mitosis Prophase Metaphase
8.2 Vocab
Binary Fission
Interphase
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
6. Anaphase 7. Telophase 8. Cytokinesis 9. Spindle Fibers 10. Cell plate

36. Diploid : body cell :: haploid : Sex chromosome Chromosome
Bellringer # 5
Diploid : body cell :: haploid :
Sex chromosome
Chromosome
Reproductive cell
Zygote
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37. Bellringer # 6
As a result of mitosis, each of the two new cells produced from the original cell during cytokinesis
Receives a few chromosomes from the original cell.
Receives an exact copy of all the chromosomes present in the original cell.
Donates a chromosome to the original cell.
Receives exactly half the chromosomes from the original cell.
Open text to pg Set up notes for 8.3.

38. Chapter 8 Objectives Section 3 Meiosis
Compare the end products of meiosis with those of mitosis.
Summarize the events of meiosis I.
Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to the production of unique individuals.
Summarize the events of meiosis II.
Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Define sexual reproduction.

39. Meiosis
process of nuclear division that produces 4 haploid gametes (reproductive cells, or egg and sperm).

40. Cell goes through interphase before going through meiosis I.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Formation of Haploid Cells
Cell goes through interphase before going through meiosis I.
Meiosis I includes prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.

41. This process is called synapsis.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
A. Prophase I
Same as Mitosis except for every chromosome lines up next to it’s homologue.
This process is called synapsis.
Each homologous pair of chromosomes: tetrad.

42. Crossing-over: when portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during prophase I
results in genetic recombination.

43. Tetrads line up randomly along the dividing cell.
B. Metaphase I
Tetrads line up randomly along the dividing cell.
Spindle fibers attach to centromere

44. results in genetic variation.
C. Anaphase I
Spindle fibers shorten, dragging a whole chromosome towards the centrosome.
The random separation of homologous chromosomes: independent assortment
results in genetic variation.

45. D. Telophase I and Cytokinesis I
Chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis begins.
These 2 cells contain a haploid number of chromosomes.

46. Tetrads and Crossing-over of Genetic Material
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Tetrads and Crossing-over of Genetic Material
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Visual Concept

47. Interphase does not happen before meiosis II.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis II
Interphase does not happen before meiosis II.
Meiosis II includes prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.

48. Prophase II—Cytokinesis II is the same as mitosis.
Four new haploid cells result.

49. Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Stages of Meiosis

50. Grows new chromosomes from existing DNA.
Bellringer # 7
A typical human cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis and cytokinesis, each of the two new cells formed from the original cell
Has 23 chromosomes.
Grows new chromosomes from existing DNA.
Has a complete set of 46 chromosomes.
None of the above.
Open text to pg 163. Get out notes from 8.3
Turn in Oreo Mitosis.

51. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
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Visual Concept

52. Spermatogenesis: process by which 4 sperm cells are produced.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Development of Gametes
Spermatogenesis: process by which 4 sperm cells are produced.
Oogenesis: process that produces 1 mature egg cell and 3 polar bodies

53. Meiosis in Male and Female Animals
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Meiosis in Male and Female Animals

54. Sexual reproduction: union of a sperm and an egg.
Section 3 Meiosis
Chapter 8
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction: union of a sperm and an egg.
Offspring are genetically different from parents.

55. Chapter 8 Sexual Reproduction Section 3 Meiosis
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Visual Concept

56. Gamete Meiosis Zygote Synapsis Tetrad
8.3 Vocab
Gamete
Meiosis
Zygote
Synapsis
Tetrad
6. Crossing over 7. Genetic Recombination 8. Independent assortment 9. Spermatogenesis 10. Oogenesis

57. The chromosomes line up at the equator in anaphase I.
Bellringer # 8
The difference between anaphase of mitosis and anaphase I of meiosis is that
The chromosomes line up at the equator in anaphase I.
Centromeres do not exist in anaphase I
Chromatids do not separate at the centromeres in anaphase I.
Crossing-over occurs only in anaphase of mitosis.

58. Separation of homologues occurs during Mitosis. Meiosis I. Meiosis II.
Bellringer # 9
Separation of homologues occurs during
Mitosis.
Meiosis I.
Meiosis II.
Fertilization.
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