1. AMH Honors Mr. Buttell CBHS
Ch. 15
Immigrants
and
Urbanization
AMH Honors Mr. Buttell CBHS

2. Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age
Megalopolis.
Mass Transit.
Magnet for economic and social opportunities.
Pronounced class distinctions Inner & outer core
New frontier of opportunity for women.
Squalid living conditions for many.
Political machines.
Ethnic neighborhoods.

3. The City as a New “Frontier?”
New Use of Space
New Class Diversity
New Architectural Style
New Energy
New Symbols of Change & Progress
The City as a New “Frontier?”
New Culture (“Melting Pot”)
Make a New Start
New Form of Classic “Rugged Individualism”
New Levels of Crime, Violence, & Corruption

4. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

5. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913

6. “Dumbell “ Tenement

7. “Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC

8. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives (1890)

9. Tenement Slum Living

10. Lodgers Huddled Together

11. Tenement Slum Living

12. Struggling Immigrant Families

13. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

14. Hester Street – Jewish Section

15. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

19. Chinese Exclusion Act Irish and Chinese in CA after Trans. RR
Gold and RR complete, no jobs
In SF, Kearneyites terrorize Chinese
Mass violence led to Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
No Chinese until 1943

20. Urban Growth:

21. Old Immigration

22. New Immigration
One of the most significant human migrations in recent centuries
Bt ~ 75 million departed for America
Southern and eastern Europe

23. New Immigration

24. Settlement Homes Jane Addams – Hull House Chicago
Lillian Wald – Henry Street Settlement House NYC
Florence Kelley – activist w/Addams
English classes, child care, counseling to new culture and cultural activities

26. Ellis Island
Almost all immigrants traveled by steamship, with the trip from Europe taking approximately 1 week and the trip from Asia approximately 3 weeks.  Due to the heavy import/export business, travel opportunities to & from the U.S. were abundant, yet the conditions were far from ideal.  Most immigrants traveled in steerage, in a ship’s cargo holds.  Conditions in steerage were poor.  It was overcrowded, poorly ventilated, and dirty.  As a result, disease spread quickly, & some died before they got here.

27. Angel Island, San Francisco

28. Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

29. REACTION Exclusion: xenophobia; rise of nativism
“These people are not American, but the very scum and bottom of Europe…Europe’s human and inhuman rubbish.”
Fear for Anglo-Saxon purity
Fear of losing political and social power

30. Nativist Laws Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Restricted immigration from China
Gentlemen’s Agreement – U.S./Japan (1907)
U.S. agrees to allow Japanese immigrants into U.S. public schools
Japan promises to restrict immigration
Webb Alien Land Law (1913)
California law
Prohibits aliens from owning land
Emergency Quota Act
National Origins Act
Restriction of chinese led to more japanese immigrating and then backlash against them
San Fran wanted to segregate japanese students, Tokyo was like no, TR and Japan made agreement to limit immigration if segregation lifted

31. Nativism/APA(American Protective Assoc.)

32. Thomas Nast: Catholic Invasion
American Protective Association formed in 1887 urged people to not vote for Catholic candidates

33. Churches and Urban Life
Social Gospel – social justice for the poor, applying Christian principles to social problems
Catholic gains in membership
Cardinal James Gibbons and labor movement
YMCA & YWCA
Contributes later to Progressive reform attacking urban problems
Urban families smaller, children an economic liability

34. President Cleveland
“It is said…that the quality of recent immigration is undesirable. The time is quite within recent memory when the same thing was said of immigrants who, with their descendents, are now numbered among our best citizens.”
President Grover Cleveland, 1897

35. Uncovering Problems At
The Turn of the Century
Ch. 16

36. The Tweed Ring in NYC
William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)
[Thomas Nast  crusading cartoonist/reporter]

37. The Tammany Tiger

38. 1. A Two-Party Stalemate

39. 2. Intense Voter Loyalty to the Two Major Political Parties

40. 3. Well-Defined Voting Blocs
Democratic Bloc
Republican Bloc
White southerners (preservation of white supremacy)
Catholics
Recent immigrants (esp. Jews)
Urban working poor (pro-labor)
Most farmers
Northern whites (pro-business)
African Americans
Northern Protestants
Old WASPs (support for anti-immigrant laws)
Most of the middle class

41. 4. Very Laissez-Faire Federal Govt.
From  Govt. did very little domestically.
Main duties of the federal govt.:
Deliver the mail.
Maintain a national military.
Collect taxes & tariffs.
Conduct a foreign policy.
Exception  administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.

42. 5. The Presidency as a Symbolic Office Senator Roscoe Conkling
Party bosses ruled.
Presidents should avoid offending any factions within their own party.
The President just doled out federal jobs.
1865  53,000 people worked for the federal govt.
1890  166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “
Senator Roscoe Conkling

43. 1880 Presidential Election: Republicans
Half Breeds
Stalwarts
Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York)
compromise
James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)

44. 1880 Presidential Election

45. 1881: Garfield Assassinated!
Charles Guiteau: I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!

46. Pendleton Act (1883) Civil Service Act.
The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform.
1883  14,000 out of 117,000 federal govt. jobs became civil service exam positions.
1900  100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

47. 1884 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland James Blaine * (DEM) (REP)

48. A Dirty Campaign
Ma, Ma…where’s my pa? He’s going to the White House, ha… ha… ha…!

49. 1884 Presidential Election

50. Cleveland’s First Term
The “Veto Governor” from New York.
First Democrat elected since 1856.
A public office is a public trust!
His laissez-faire presidency:
Opposed bills to assist the poor as well as the rich.
Vetoed over 200 special pension bills for Civil War veterans!