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AMH Honors Mr. Buttell CBHS
Ch. 15 Immigrants and Urbanization AMH Honors Mr. Buttell CBHS
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Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age
Megalopolis. Mass Transit. Magnet for economic and social opportunities. Pronounced class distinctions Inner & outer core New frontier of opportunity for women. Squalid living conditions for many. Political machines. Ethnic neighborhoods.
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The City as a New “Frontier?”
New Use of Space New Class Diversity New Architectural Style New Energy New Symbols of Change & Progress The City as a New “Frontier?” New Culture (“Melting Pot”) Make a New Start New Form of Classic “Rugged Individualism” New Levels of Crime, Violence, & Corruption
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John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883
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John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913
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“Dumbell “ Tenement
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“Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC
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Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives (1890)
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Tenement Slum Living
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Lodgers Huddled Together
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Tenement Slum Living
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Struggling Immigrant Families
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Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”
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Hester Street – Jewish Section
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Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC
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Chinese Exclusion Act Irish and Chinese in CA after Trans. RR
Gold and RR complete, no jobs In SF, Kearneyites terrorize Chinese Mass violence led to Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 No Chinese until 1943
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Urban Growth:
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Old Immigration
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New Immigration One of the most significant human migrations in recent centuries Bt ~ 75 million departed for America Southern and eastern Europe
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New Immigration
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Settlement Homes Jane Addams – Hull House Chicago
Lillian Wald – Henry Street Settlement House NYC Florence Kelley – activist w/Addams English classes, child care, counseling to new culture and cultural activities
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Ellis Island Almost all immigrants traveled by steamship, with the trip from Europe taking approximately 1 week and the trip from Asia approximately 3 weeks. Due to the heavy import/export business, travel opportunities to & from the U.S. were abundant, yet the conditions were far from ideal. Most immigrants traveled in steerage, in a ship’s cargo holds. Conditions in steerage were poor. It was overcrowded, poorly ventilated, and dirty. As a result, disease spread quickly, & some died before they got here.
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Angel Island, San Francisco
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Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)
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REACTION Exclusion: xenophobia; rise of nativism
“These people are not American, but the very scum and bottom of Europe…Europe’s human and inhuman rubbish.” Fear for Anglo-Saxon purity Fear of losing political and social power
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Nativist Laws Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Restricted immigration from China Gentlemen’s Agreement – U.S./Japan (1907) U.S. agrees to allow Japanese immigrants into U.S. public schools Japan promises to restrict immigration Webb Alien Land Law (1913) California law Prohibits aliens from owning land Emergency Quota Act National Origins Act Restriction of chinese led to more japanese immigrating and then backlash against them San Fran wanted to segregate japanese students, Tokyo was like no, TR and Japan made agreement to limit immigration if segregation lifted
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Nativism/APA(American Protective Assoc.)
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Thomas Nast: Catholic Invasion
American Protective Association formed in 1887 urged people to not vote for Catholic candidates
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Churches and Urban Life
Social Gospel – social justice for the poor, applying Christian principles to social problems Catholic gains in membership Cardinal James Gibbons and labor movement YMCA & YWCA Contributes later to Progressive reform attacking urban problems Urban families smaller, children an economic liability
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President Cleveland “It is said…that the quality of recent immigration is undesirable. The time is quite within recent memory when the same thing was said of immigrants who, with their descendents, are now numbered among our best citizens.” President Grover Cleveland, 1897
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Uncovering Problems At The Turn of the Century Ch. 16
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The Tweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine) [Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]
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The Tammany Tiger
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1. A Two-Party Stalemate
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2. Intense Voter Loyalty to the Two Major Political Parties
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3. Well-Defined Voting Blocs
Democratic Bloc Republican Bloc White southerners (preservation of white supremacy) Catholics Recent immigrants (esp. Jews) Urban working poor (pro-labor) Most farmers Northern whites (pro-business) African Americans Northern Protestants Old WASPs (support for anti-immigrant laws) Most of the middle class
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4. Very Laissez-Faire Federal Govt.
From Govt. did very little domestically. Main duties of the federal govt.: Deliver the mail. Maintain a national military. Collect taxes & tariffs. Conduct a foreign policy. Exception administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.
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5. The Presidency as a Symbolic Office Senator Roscoe Conkling
Party bosses ruled. Presidents should avoid offending any factions within their own party. The President just doled out federal jobs. 1865 53,000 people worked for the federal govt. 1890 166,000 “ “ “ “ “ “ Senator Roscoe Conkling
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1880 Presidential Election: Republicans
Half Breeds Stalwarts Sen. James G. Blaine Sen. Roscoe Conkling (Maine) (New York) compromise James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur (VP)
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1880 Presidential Election
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1881: Garfield Assassinated!
Charles Guiteau: I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!
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Pendleton Act (1883) Civil Service Act.
The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform. 1883 14,000 out of 117,000 federal govt. jobs became civil service exam positions. 1900 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.
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1884 Presidential Election
Grover Cleveland James Blaine * (DEM) (REP)
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A Dirty Campaign Ma, Ma…where’s my pa? He’s going to the White House, ha… ha… ha…!
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1884 Presidential Election
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Cleveland’s First Term
The “Veto Governor” from New York. First Democrat elected since 1856. A public office is a public trust! His laissez-faire presidency: Opposed bills to assist the poor as well as the rich. Vetoed over 200 special pension bills for Civil War veterans!
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