1. Socialism and Communism: More to Marx
Chapter 5
Socialism and Communism: More to Marx
Wherever men have private property and money is the measure of everything, there it is hardly possible for the commonwealth to be governed justly or to flourish in prosperity.
Thomas More, Utopia

2. Introduction
Socialism began as a reaction to liberalism

3. Introduction Socialism began as a reaction to liberalism
Objected to focus on self-interest and competition

4. Introduction Socialism began as a reaction to liberalism
Objected to focus on self-interest and competition
Socialists argue that the foundation of society is not competition, but cooperation

5. Introduction Socialism began as a reaction to liberalism
Objected to focus on self-interest and competition
Socialists argue that the foundation of society is not competition, but cooperation
Society as a whole, rather than private individuals should control property

6. Introduction Socialism began as a reaction to liberalism
Objected to focus on self-interest and competition
Socialists argue that the foundation of society is not competition, but cooperation
Society as a whole, rather than private individuals should control property
All goods are social products and should be shared by all those who help produce it

7. Introduction Socialism began as a reaction to liberalism
Objected to focus on self-interest and competition
Socialists argue that the foundation of society is not competition, but cooperation
Society as a whole, rather than private individuals should control property
All goods are social products and should be shared by all those who help produce it
Socialists object to capitalism and argue that all socially useful goods should be socially controlled for the benefit of all

8. Human Nature and Freedom

9. Human Nature and Freedom

10. Human Nature and Freedom
Humans are naturally communal and social creatures

11. Human Nature and Freedom
Humans are naturally communal and social creatures
People only appear to be selfish and competitive because of social circumstances

12. Human Nature and Freedom
Humans are naturally communal and social creatures
People only appear to be selfish and competitive because of social circumstances
Freedom:

13. Human Nature and Freedom
Humans are naturally communal and social creatures
People only appear to be selfish and competitive because of social circumstances
Freedom:
Poor or working class is prevented from pursuing their true aims and aspirations because of inequalities of wealth

14. Human Nature and Freedom
Humans are naturally communal and social creatures
People only appear to be selfish and competitive because of social circumstances
Freedom:
Poor or working class is prevented from pursuing their true aims and aspirations because of inequalities of wealth
Workers also suffer from “false consciousness” that prevents them from recognizing alternative political arrangements

15. The Socialist View of Freedom

16. The Socialist View of Freedom
Agent:
common/ working people
The Socialist View of Freedom

17. The Socialist View of Freedom
Obstacle:
class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life chances, false consciousness
Agent:
common/ working people
The Socialist View of Freedom

18. The Socialist View of Freedom
Obstacle:
class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life chances, false consciousness
Agent:
common/ working people
Goal:
fulfillment of human needs, e.g., satisfying work, fair share of product
The Socialist View of Freedom

19. Precursors: Utopian Socialists

20. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )

21. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )
Novel Utopia (1516) depicts an ideal society in which money is abolished

22. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )
Novel Utopia (1516) depicts an ideal society in which money is abolished
Saint-Simon ( )

23. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )
Novel Utopia (1516) depicts an ideal society in which money is abolished
Saint-Simon ( )
Tried to set socialism on a “scientific” basis

24. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )
Novel Utopia (1516) depicts an ideal society in which money is abolished
Saint-Simon ( )
Tried to set socialism on a “scientific” basis
Expert planning can more justly address social needs

25. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )
Novel Utopia (1516) depicts an ideal society in which money is abolished
Saint-Simon ( )
Tried to set socialism on a “scientific” basis
Expert planning can more justly address social needs
Charles Fourier ( )

26. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )
Novel Utopia (1516) depicts an ideal society in which money is abolished
Saint-Simon ( )
Tried to set socialism on a “scientific” basis
Expert planning can more justly address social needs
Charles Fourier ( )
“Harmonism” = highest stage of humanity where all cooperate freely for the public good

27. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )
Saint-Simon ( )
Charles Fourier ( )
Robert Owen ( )

28. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )
Saint-Simon ( )
Charles Fourier ( )
Robert Owen ( )
Crime is not the result of original sin, but of a deformed social system in which greed and selfishness are rewarded

29. Precursors: Utopian Socialists
Sir Thomas Moore ( )
Saint-Simon ( )
Charles Fourier ( )
Robert Owen ( )
Crime is not the result of original sin, but of a deformed social system in which greed and selfishness are rewarded
Established a socialist community of New Harmony in southwest Indiana

30. Karl Marx

31. Karl Marx
As a journalist, Marx became convinced of the central importance of economics in political matters

32. Karl Marx
As a journalist, Marx became convinced of the central importance of economics in political matters
He also became increasingly radical, thinking that the economic and political system in Germany was beyond reform

33. Karl Marx
As a journalist, Marx became convinced of the central importance of economics in political matters
He also became increasingly radical, thinking that the economic and political system in Germany was beyond reform
Marx fled Germany for fear of imprisonment and never returned

34. The Influence of Hegel

35. The Influence of Hegel
G.W.F. Hegel ( ) saw history as the struggle of the human spirit to overcome obstacles in the search for freedom

36. The Influence of Hegel
G.W.F. Hegel ( ) saw history as the struggle of the human spirit to overcome obstacles in the search for freedom
Alienation – estrangement or separation

37. The Influence of Hegel
G.W.F. Hegel ( ) saw history as the struggle of the human spirit to overcome obstacles in the search for freedom
Alienation – estrangement or separation
The spirit goes through a series of alienations as it evolves into higher and more exclusive forms

38. The Influence of Hegel
G.W.F. Hegel ( ) saw history as the struggle of the human spirit to overcome obstacles in the search for freedom
Alienation – estrangement or separation
The spirit goes through a series of alienations as it evolves into higher and more exclusive forms
Master-slave dialectic – example of a dialectical process that promotes human freedom

39. The Influence of Hegel
G.W.F. Hegel ( ) saw history as the struggle of the human spirit to overcome obstacles in the search for freedom
Alienation – estrangement or separation
The spirit goes through a series of alienations as it evolves into higher and more exclusive forms
Master-slave dialectic – example of a dialectical process that promotes human freedom
Master becomes master by physically overpowering slave

40. The Influence of Hegel
G.W.F. Hegel ( ) saw history as the struggle of the human spirit to overcome obstacles in the search for freedom
Alienation – estrangement or separation
The spirit goes through a series of alienations as it evolves into higher and more exclusive forms
Master-slave dialectic – example of a dialectical process that promotes human freedom
Master becomes master by physically overpowering slave
Master sees himself as superior; slave sees himself as inferior

41. The Influence of Hegel
G.W.F. Hegel ( ) saw history as the struggle of the human spirit to overcome obstacles in the search for freedom
Alienation – estrangement or separation
The spirit goes through a series of alienations as it evolves into higher and more exclusive forms
Master-slave dialectic – example of a dialectical process that promotes human freedom
Master becomes master by physically overpowering slave
Master sees himself as superior; slave sees himself as inferior
Both require recognition from the other, but soon realize that their social roles cut them off from their shared humanity

42. Marx’s Theory of History

43. Marx’s Theory of History
Marx saw history as the story of human labor and struggle

44. Marx’s Theory of History
Marx saw history as the story of human labor and struggle
Materialist conception of history – history is the story of class struggles over resources

45. Marx’s Theory of History
Marx saw history as the story of human labor and struggle
Materialist conception of history – history is the story of class struggles over resources
The primary necessity for humans is to procure the material means of subsistence

46. Marx’s Theory of History
Marx saw history as the story of human labor and struggle
Materialist conception of history – history is the story of class struggles over resources
Material forces of production – forces that transform raw materials into finished products

47. Marx’s Theory of History
Marx saw history as the story of human labor and struggle
Materialist conception of history – history is the story of class struggles over resources
Material forces of production – forces that transform raw materials into finished products
Social relations of production – organization and arrangement of humans for economic production

48. Marx’s Theory of History
Marx saw history as the story of human labor and struggle
Materialist conception of history – history is the story of class struggles over resources
Material forces of production – forces that transform raw materials into finished products
Social relations of production – organization and arrangement of humans for economic production
Ideological superstructure – set of ideas and beliefs that justify and legitimize the arrangements of society

50. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism

51. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism

52. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism
Marx argued that capitalism was a progressive force at one time; still he argued that capitalism should be replaced

53. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism
Three main criticisms:

54. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism
Three main criticisms:
Capitalism is outmoded; it has outlived its usefulness

55. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism
Three main criticisms:
Capitalism is outmoded; it has outlived its usefulness
Capitalism creates alienation between workers and their work

56. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism
Three main criticisms:
Capitalism is outmoded; it has outlived its usefulness
Capitalism creates alienation between workers and their work
Capitalism is prone to internal contradictions

57. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism
Three main criticisms:
Capitalism is outmoded; it has outlived its usefulness
Capitalism creates alienation between workers and their work
Capitalism is prone to internal contradictions
Logic of capitalism constrains the actions of everyone including the capitalists

58. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism
Three main criticisms:
Capitalism is outmoded; it has outlived its usefulness
Capitalism creates alienation between workers and their work
Capitalism is prone to internal contradictions
Logic of capitalism constrains the actions of everyone including the capitalists
Capitalism produces its own “gravediggers”—working class with nothing to lose and everything to gain by overthrowing the capitalist system

59. The Dialectic of Change
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60. The Dialectic of Change
Capitalism produces two classes:
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61. The Dialectic of Change
Capitalism produces two classes:
Bourgeoisie (capitalists) and proletariat (workers) are similar to the master and slave in Hegel’s dialectic
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62. The Dialectic of Change
Capitalism produces two classes:
Bourgeoisie (capitalists) and proletariat (workers) are similar to the master and slave in Hegel’s dialectic
Capitalists exploit laborers by extracting “surplus value” from the products of labor
©2011 Pearson Longman

63. The Dialectic of Change
Capitalism produces two classes:
Bourgeoisie (capitalists) and proletariat (workers) are similar to the master and slave in Hegel’s dialectic
Capitalists exploit laborers by extracting “surplus value” from the products of labor
As proletariat becomes increasingly poor, they come to realize that the capitalists depend upon the proletariat for profit
©2011 Pearson Longman

64. The Dialectic of Change
Capitalism produces two classes:
Bourgeoisie (capitalists) and proletariat (workers) are similar to the master and slave in Hegel’s dialectic
Capitalists exploit laborers by extracting “surplus value” from the products of labor
As proletariat becomes increasingly poor, they come to realize that the capitalists depend upon the proletariat for profit
The capitalists attempt to maintain this economic system; whereas, proletariat seeks to abolish all class distinctions
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65. Marx’s Revolutionary Sequence
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66. Economic crises – crises become more common in advanced capitalist economies
Immiseration of the proletariat – economic crises affect the proletariat most severely
Revolutionary class consciousness – workers begin to fault the economic system rather than themselves
Seizure of state power – the proletariat takes state power from the bourgeoisie
Dictatorship of the proletariat – proletariat must use the apparatuses of the state to prevent counterrevolution
Withering away of the state – need for coercive state authority will disappear once class distinctions are abolished
Communism – rule is “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”
Free society in which alienation, exploitation, and ideological illusions will disappear
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67. Conclusion
Socialism began as a reaction to liberalism with its focus on self-interest and competition
Early utopian socialists devised schemes for future cooperative societies
Karl Marx articulated a comprehensive critique of capitalism as well as a dialectical process by which capitalism would be overthrown
Marx never drew detailed plans for a future communist society, but his general theory became very influential for future socialists who called themselves “Marxists”
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68. Readings: Part V: Socialism and Communism: More to Marx
Thomas More—Utopia
Robert Owen—Address to the Inhabitants of New Lanark
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels—The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx—On the Materialist Conception of History
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