1. Warm-Up Draw and label the parts of a neuron.
Describe saltatory conduction.
Explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted across a neuron.

2. Warm-Up What happens at the synapse?
Choose 1 neurotransmitter. Describe its action.
What is the role of the following structures in the human brain?
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Corpus callosum

3. Nervous Systems
Chapter 38

4. You must know
Different sensory receptors respond to various types of input.
The brain serves as a master neurological center for processing information and directing responses.
Different regions of the brain have different functions.
Structures and associated function for animal brains are products of evolution, and increasing complexity follow evolutionary lines.
How the vertebrate brain integrates information, which leads to an appropriate response.

5. Evolution of Nervous Systems

6. Vertebrate Nervous System
Central nervous system (CNS): brain + spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS): transmits info to/from the CNS
Ganglia: clusters of neurons that act as relay points to transmit info

7. Connecting the CNS and PNS

8. Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic
nervous
system
Autonomic
nervous
system
Sympathetic
division
Parasympathetic
division
Enteric
division

10. Sensory vs. Motor Division

11. Sensory Receptors
Mechanoreceptors: physical stimuli – pressure, touch, stretch, motion, sound
Thermoreceptors: detect heat/cold
Chemoreceptors: transmit solute conc. info – taste (gustatory), smell (olfactory)
Electromagnetic receptors: detect EM energy – light (photoreceptors), electricity, magnetism
Pain receptors: respond to excess heat, pressure, chemicals

12. This rattlesnake and other pit vipers have a pair of infrared receptors, one between each eye and nostril. The organs are sensitive enough to detect the infrared radiation emitted by a warm mouse a meter away.
Eye
Infrared
receptor
Some migrating animals, such as these beluga whales, apparently sense Earth’s magnetic field and use the information, along with other cues, for orientation.
Chemoreceptors: antennae of male silkworm moth have hairs sensitive to sex phermones released by the female

13. Stimulus – Response

14. STIMULUS   RESPONSE Sensory receptors Sensory neurons Interneurons
Effector organ
(muscles, glands)
Motor neurons
 RESPONSE

15. Reflexes Simple, automatic nerve circuit in response to a stimulus
Conscious thought NOT required
Reflex arc:
Stimulus detected by receptor
Sensory neuron
Interneuron (spinal cord or brain stem)
Motor neuron
Response by effector organ (muscles, glands)

16. Knee-jerk reflex

17. The Vertebrate Brain

18. Vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
Major Regions: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

19. Brain Development

20. Human Brain
Structure
Function
Brainstem
Cerebrum
Cerebellum

21. Human Brain Structure Function Brainstem Cerebrum Cerebellum
*Oldest evolutionary part*
Basic, autonomic survival behaviors
Medulla oblongata: breathing, heart & blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting
Conducts sensory and motor signals between spinal cord and higher brain centers
Cerebrum
Cerebellum

22. Brainstem

23. Human Brain Structure Function Brainstem Cerebrum Cerebellum
*Oldest evolutionary part*
Basic, autonomic survival behaviors
Medulla oblongata: breathing, heart & blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting
Conducts sensory and motor signals between spinal cord and higher brain centers
Cerebrum
Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception, voluntary movement)
Right & Left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum: connect hemispheres
Cerebellum

24. Grey matter: neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons White matter: fatty, myelinated axons
Cerebrum

26. Thalamus: main center sensory/motor info passes to and from cerebrum
Hypothalamus regulates homeostasis
feeding, fighting, fleeing, reproducing, thermostat, thirst, appetite, circadian rhythms
Releases hormones that affect pituitary

27. Human Brain Structure Function Brainstem Cerebrum Cerebellum
*Oldest evolutionary part*
Basic, autonomic survival behaviors
Medulla oblongata: breathing, heart & blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting
Conducts sensory and motor signals between spinal cord and higher brain centers
Cerebrum
Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception, voluntary movement)
Right & Left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum: connect hemispheres
Cerebellum
Coordinate movement & balance
Motor skill learning

28. Cerebellum

29. Cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions