1. Neuroscience Review

2. But first, a few Research review questions….. (Not on test)
Identify any two problems associated with the use of common sense in the study of psychology.
Hindsight bias
Judgemental overconfidence

3. Research…. The intent of a random sample is to accurately represent a:
Independent variable
Experimental group
Population
Control group

4. Research…
Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?
-0.2
+1.0
-0.99
+0.25

5. Correlation Studies
Which of the following indicates a positive correlation?

6. Research
Tom wants to know how consistent his scoring has been this season. Which measure would be the most relevant measure for his concern?
Mean
Median
Scatter plot
Standard deviation

7. Biopsychology (starts here…)
A biological psychologist would be more likely to study:
How you learn to express emotions
How to help people overcome emotional disorders
Life-spun changes in the expression of emotion
The chemical changes that accompany emotions

8. Modern Psychology Explain the significance of the following:
Each individual is a “biopsychosocial system.”
Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.

9. The Neuron
Identify any three specific parts of a neuron and explain their role in neurotransmission.

10. Neurons…
An axon transmits messages __________ the cell body and a dendrite transmits messages _______________ the cell body.
Away from: toward
Away from: away from
Toward: away from
Toward: under

11. Neural Communication
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the:
Synapse
Action potential
Agonist
Myelin sheath
Refractory period

12. Neural Communication
During an action potential, the electrical state of the axon becomes:
Polarized, as positively charged atoms are admitted
Polarized, as negatively charged atoms are admitted
Depolarized, as negatively charged atoms are admitted
Depolarized, as positively charged atoms are admitted

13. Neural Communication In a resting state, the axon is…
Depolarized, with negatively charge ions outside and positively charge ions inside
Depolarized, with positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside
Polarized, with negatively charged ions inside and positively charged ions outside
Polarized, with positively charge ions inside and negatively charged ions outside

14. Neural Communication
Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse within a single neuron?
a. Axon – dendrite – cell body – synapse
Dendrite – axon – cell body – synapse
Synapse – axon – dendrite – cell body
Dendrite – cell body – axon - synapse

15. Neural Communication
What ultimately determines the threshold of a neuron?
Excitatory and inhibitory impulses

16. Neural Communication
A neuron will generate action potentials more often when it:
Remains below its threshold
Receives an excitatory input
Receives more excitatory than inhibitory imputs
Is stimulated by a neurotransmitter

17. Neural Communication A strong stimulus can increase the:
Speed of the impulse the neuron fires
Intensity of the impulse the neuron fires
Number of times the neuron fires
Threshold that must be reached before the neuron fires

18. All or none response…
The all or none response refers to the neuron’s firing of the impulse:
a. At different speeds depending on the stimulus
b. At the same intensity every time
c. At alternating intervals
d. Between the neurons only

19. Neural Communication
What is the term used to describe the space between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron?
Synaptic gap

20. Neural Communication
Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons are called….
neurotransmitters

21. Myelin Sheath
A degeneration (wearing out) of the Myelin sheath can result in:
Parkinson’s Disease and Schizoprenia
Alzheimer’s and Multiple Sclerosis
Bipolar and depression
Parkinson’s and depression

22. Neural Communication
Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron in a process called…
Reuptake

23. Neurotransmitters
Melissa has just completed running a marathon. She is so elated that she feels little fatigue or discomfort. Her lack of pain is probably the result of the release of:
Ach
Serotonin
Endorphins
dopamine

24. Match the following: Serotonin Glutamate GABA Dopamine Ach
1-a, 2-e, 3-d, 4-c, 5-b
Effects mood and is one of largest neural systems in the brain
Muscle movement, learning, memory
Perceptual awareness
Inhibitory
excitatory

25. Neurotransmitters
The neurotransmitter Ach is found at every junction between:
a. receptor sites and cell bodies
b. motor neurons and muscle fibers
c. At junctions between neurons
d. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems

26. Neurotransmitters
Which neurotransmitter is associated with bipolar disorder? (manic and depressive states)
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
ACh

27. Neurotransmitters
The excessive release of which neurotransmitter is associated with schizophrenia?
Serotonin
Dopamine
Acetylcholine
Endorphins

28. Neurotransmitters
1. What kind of drug excites, or mimics a neurotransmitters signal?
Agonist
What kind of drug blocks, or inhibits a neurotransmitters signal?
Antagonist

29. Neurotransmitters
The pain of heroin withdrawal may be attributable to the fact that:
Under the influence of heroin the brain ceases production of endorphins
Under the influence of heroin the brain ceases production of all neurotransmitters
Heroin destroys endorphin receptors in the brain
Heroin increases the brain’s production of endorphins

30. The Nervous System
Identify the two major nervous systems and briefly (generally) explain the role of each.
Central
(brain and
spinal cord)
Nervous
system
Autonomic (controls
automatic action of
internal organs and glands)
Somatic (Skeletal) (controls
voluntary movements of
skeletal muscles)
Sympathetic
(arousing: flight or fight)
Parasympathetic
(calming)
Peripheral

31. The Nervous System
Identify the three types of neurons that carry information in the nervous system and briefly explain the role of each.
Sensory neurons (Afferent neurons)
Motor neurons (Efferent neurons)
Interneurons

32. Nervous System
Heartbeat, digestion and other self-regulating bodily functions are governed by the:
Voluntary nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Endocrine system

33. Nervous System
Voluntary movements, such as “hitting the buzzer” are directed by:
Sympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

34. Nervous System
Your brother has been taking prescription medicine and experiencing a number of unpleasant side effects, including unusually rapid heartbeat and excessive perspiration. It is likely that the medicine is exaggerating activity in the:
Pituitary gland
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

35. Nervous System
Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex?
Sensory neuron – interneuron- sensory neuron
Interneuron – motor neuron – sensory neuron
Sensory neuron – interneuron – motor neuron
Interneuron – sensory neuron – motor neuron

36. Nervous System
Which of the following are governed by the simplest neural pathways?
Emotions
Physiological drives, such as hunger
Reflexes
Movements, such as walking

37. Nervous System
You are able to pull your hand quickly away from hot water before pain is felt because:
This movement of the hand is a reflex that involves intervention of the spinal cord only
Movement of the hand does not require intervention by the CNS
The brain reacts quickly to prevent injury
The autonomic system of the PNS intervenes to speed the contraction of the hand muscles

38. Nervous System
In the brain, learning occurs as experience strengthens certain connections in cell work groups called:
Action potentials
Endocrine systems
Dendrites
Neural networks

39. The Endocrine System
Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are called:
Agonists
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
enzymes

40. Endocrine System
Which of the following would accurately describe the transmission of a hormone through the bloodstream?
Slow acting, but long lasting
Fast acting and long lasting
Slow acting and short lasting
Fast acting, but long lasting

41. The Endocrine System Which of the following glands regulates growth?
Adrenal
Thyroid
Hypothalamus
pituitary

42. The Endocrine System
The Pituitary gland is referred to as the master gland essentially because:
Its huge size compared to other glands
Its influence in stimulating the action of other glands
Its huge influence over the somatic nervous system
Its control over the Hypothalamus

43. Endocrine System
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are ________ that are released by the ______ gland.
Neurotransmitters: pituitary
Hormones: pituitary
Neurotransmitters: thyroid
hormones, adrenal

44. The Brain: Match the following (50 Points!)
Hypothalamus
Medulla
Cerebellum
Amygdala
Hippocampus
A3, B4, C5, D2, E1
Processes new memories
Emotions of fear and rage
“Reward center”, basic drives, regulates Pituitary
Breathing and heartbeat
Fine motor skills and balance

45. The Brain Damage to brain tissue is referred to as…(10) lesion
What part of the brain is associated with basic drives, emotions and memory? (10)
Limbic System
Explain the role of the Thalamus and identify which sense it does not process. (20)
Sensory switchboard / smell

46. The Brain
What neuroimaging technique detects both structure and function? (10)
FMRI
A blind person’s sense of touch often invades the visual area of the sensory cortex, resulting in a heightened sense of touch. This is referred to as….
plasticity

47. Match the following: 1. EEG 2. PET Scan 3. CAT 4. MRI FMRI
1-b, 2-e, 3-a, 4-d, 5-c
Structure only (x-ray)
Detects brain waves
Structure, soft tissue and chemical movement
Structure and soft tissue
Chemical movement (glucose) in brain

48. The Brain
Place the following in the correct evolutionary sequence (from oldest to newest.)
Limbic system
Brainstem
Cerebral Cortex

49. The Brain
What is considered the brain’s ultimate control and information processing center?(10)
Limbic system
Cerebral Cortex
Parietal lobe
Motor Cortex

50. The Brain
What brain part serves as the junction between the left and right hemispheres? (10)
The removal of this brain part has proven to alleviate what condition? (10)
Explain the specific conditions associated with the split brain patient. (20)

51. The Brain (60 points!)
Identify the four lobes of the brain and summarize the funtion of each:
Frontal=judgement, logic, planning, emotions, spatial creative
Parietal Lobe- senses (touch)
Occipital lobe- vision
Temporal lobe- hearing
Demonstrate with your hands the location of each lobe.

52. The Brain What is the term associated with language impairment? (10)
Aphasia
Identify the specific roles of Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area in the use of language. (20)

53. The Brain
Which of the following is not true concerning the Association Areas of the brain? (10)
It is part of the Cerebral Cortex
It integrates old and new information and conducts complex processing
It is thought to be “uncommitted” to a specific task
It makes up 50% of the Cortex area