1. TF meeting on Transport issues Dutch Transport module
Cor Graveland
Environmental Accounts (Netherlands)
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2. Outline Introduction Air Emission Accounts Energy-first-Approach: ..
Energy Accounts
Geographic versus economic definition
Inventory-first-Approach: ..
Emissions from mobile sources
PRTR, Dutch Pollutant transfer and Emission territory
Emission types / Pollutants
Calculation of Air Emission Accounts figures (residential emissions)
Data / statistics required for implementation method
Breakdown to transport mode, fuel type, industry (sector)
Results
Uses (bridge table, etc.)
Improvements
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3. Air Emission Accounts Two approaches: Energy-first-Approach:
Compile Energy Accounts using E-balance / E-Stats
1.Gross, 2.Net, 3.Net energy accounts for air emissions
Calculate emissions via Em = Fuel use * EF (by fuel type)
Inventory-first-Approach:
Use & combine both and confront ..
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4. Compilation: combined approach
Source: Manual for Air Emissions Accounts (2009 edition)
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5. Energy-first-Approach: Energy Statistics / Balances over E-Accounts to Air Emissions Accounts
Adjust energy statistics/balances from system boundaries for the territory to energy "accounts" with system boundaries defined by the residence principle
Assign energy use to industry NACE categories and households to arrive at Energy Accounts that are according to NACE categories and households
Calculate emissions from energy use industry-by-industry (and households) with the help of energy carrier, industry and technology specific emissions factors
Calculate emissions from non-energy sources and add to emissions from energy sources.
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6. Energy Accounts, compilation overview
Energy balances
Simplified physical
supply and use tables
Price information
Production statistics
Monetary Supply
and Use tables
National
Accounts
Energy Accounts:
Physical and Monetary SUT
Source: The Dutch energy accounts (Schenau, 2011).
Remark: (ESN, Energy supply in the Netherlands, in Dutch: De Nederlandse Energiehuishouding, NEH);
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7. Energy flow accounts Data sources
1) Traffic statistics provide information on kilometres driven/sailed/flown
2) Transport statistics provide information on the total cargo or persons transported
3) Monetary data on energy use may be obtained from the National accounts (monetary supply use tables)
4) Annual reports of large transport companies, for example large airlines, may provide information on their energy use
5) Tourism statistics may provide a variety of information on traffic by residents and non residents.
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8. Energy Accounts: Extra data for reallocation data to ISIC classification
A) Transport
Data sources:
Traffic statistics based upon odometer register (car fleet) yields vehicle km per mode of transport (i.e. cars, lorries busses etc) for residents at territory and non territory & Non-Res.;
Transport statistics may yield information whether the transport is done by specialised producers (i.e. NACE37-39) or not. Can may be used to allocate total residential figure to NACE/households.
Structural business statistics (based on survey information) may provide monetary information on fuel use.
National accounts (supply and use tables) provide information on the monetary fuel use by NACE and households.
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9. Energy Accounts: Extra data for reallocation data to ISIC classification
B) Service industries
Data sources:
Structural business statistics (based on survey information) may provide monetary information on energy use.
National accounts (supply and use tables) provide information on the monetary energy use by NACE and households.
Customer registers from energy companies provide direct information on who purchases and uses the energy.
Employment data. When the above data sources are not available / do not provide reliable data, employment data may be used as an key to allocate energy use to NACE.
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10. Energy Accounts, compilation (I)
Bridge table for energy use
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11. Differences of between geographic and economic definition
Source: Manual for Air Emissions Accounts (2009 edition) (Draft SEEA-Energy (2008)
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12. Inventory-first-Approach: From national emission inventories to Air Emissions Accounts
Start from NIRs: UNECE – CLRTAP & UNFCCC
From the emissions caused by all (economic and non-economic) emission sources on the geographic territory, the Emissions caused by resident economic units have to be estimated;
The emissions caused by resident units abroad have to be added;
The inventory data following a process-oriented classification need to be assigned to economic activities like NACE
 Instead the monetary data of NA are used via connection of KAU to industry in Env.Accounts. And monetary data are translated to physical by fuel type.
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13. Dutch Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR)
Annual monitoring of emissions to air, water and soil and of waste
Contains annual emission data on more than 350 pollutants to air, soil and water
Environmental policy progress reporting
Official emission data transmissions to national and international bodies
Dissemination of emission data to the public and for research (dispersion modellers)
Covers the whole process of collection, processing and reporting of emission data in the Netherlands
Emissions of point sources as well as diffuse sources are collected in one central database
Details:
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14. PRTR: Emission calculations
Reported point sources
Gross up system: up scaling to national level using production per industrial sector
Non industrial sources
Emission = Activity level x Emission factor (E=A*EF)
Data on Activities are based on national statistics. Emission factors are based on measurements and calculations of a model or (the international) literature.
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15. Calculating Env.Acc. based figures; Fuel use and emissions by Dutch residents
Starting point:
fuel use at the territory (E-Statistics / E-balances) and
derived ‘actual emissions’ (territory principle)
Adjust for international transport, domestic and abroad
Adding emissions from transport by residents abroad
Subtracting emissions by non-residents on national territory
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16. Compilation: System boundary adjustments:
Exclude emissions, and absorption of emissions by non-economic agents (nature);
Include CO2 emissions from biomass;
Add transport emissions (driving, shipping, flying) & for fishing caused by residents abroad;
Deduct transport emissions (driving, shipping or flying) and for fishing by non-residents in the country;
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17. Relevant Air pollutants (SEEA..)
CO2 : carbon dioxide
CH4 : methane
N2O : nitrous oxide
CO : carbon monoxide
NOX : nitrogen oxides
SOX : sulphur oxides
NH3 : ammonia
HFC : hydro fluorocarbons
NMVOC : non-methane volatile organic compounds
Pb : lead
PM10 : Particulate Matter up to 10 micrometers in size
SF6 : sulphur hexafluoride's
PFC : per fluorocarbons
CFC’s : chlorofluorocarbons
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18. Compilation of the Air-Emiss. Accounts
1. Emissions from combustion
Emission = Energy use × emission factor
2. Emissions from conversion processes
Conversion of fossil fuels
Emission = Energy use × emission factor
Conversion from non-fossil fuels
Emission = Production × emission factor
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19. In detail: Adjustment for activities / transport modes
International land transport
International air transport
International water transport
International fisheries
Defence activities
Tourism (cars)
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20. In detail: Land transport (NACE 49)
IPCC:
Emission caused by fuel purchased on national territory
Actual emissions:
Emissions caused on national territory
Environmental Accounts (resident principle):
Emissions caused by residents on national territory and abroad
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21. Land transport (NACE 49) Data sources:
Traffic statistics (incl. Transport stats)
Road traffic: passenger cars, light duty vehicles(vans) trucks, trucks with semi-trailers, buses, special vehicles, motorcycles and mopeds;
Rail: passenger & goods, incl. intern.
Other: Mobile machinery (tractors, bulldozers, forklifts etc.)
Monetary data (National accounts)
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22. Road transport: project ‘Road Vehicle km’
Data collection:
Focus on Goods Road Vehicles:
Road Tractors, Lorries, vans, buses
Two data sources available
1) New source: Odometer readings
2) Existing source: Goods Vehicle Survey based on Council Regulation 1172/98
Estimates for a number transport modes and aggregates
Two data sources have been used, compared, and results confronted
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23. Road transport: Traffic statistics: Vehicle km, several modes:
Vehicle category (age)
Fuel type
Road type
Territory / abroad &
Residence / non-resid.
With: Fuel use, by
Vehicle category
Technology (vehicle)
Emission factors
Vehicle cat. (mode)
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24. a) Traffic statistics Three categories, per transport mode:
Vehicle kilometres on national territory by residents (cars, trucks, vans, motorcycles, etc.)
Vehicle kilometres abroad by residents
Vehicle kilometres travelled on national territory by non-residents (by all means)
 Residential Emissions = Vehicle kilometres (1. & 2.) x
specific fuel use x
emission factor
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25. Air transport (NACE 51) IPCC: Domestic flights
Actual emissions (territory principle):
LTO on national territory
Environmental Accounts (resident principle):
LTO on national territory (residents)
Cruising (residents)
LTO on foreign territory (residents)
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26. Air transport (NACE 51) Environmental Accounts figure
= emissions by resident planes
= actual emissions –
LTO on territory (non residents) +
Cruising (residents) +
LTO on foreign territory (residents)
Data Required:
Emissions by resident aircraft
LTO by resident aircraft and by non residents
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27. Air transport (NACE 51) Data sources emissions by residents:
Annual reports air carriers: fuel use (mton)
Transport statistics
Enlarge indiv. Fuel use to national totals
National accounts / Prod statistics
Monetary data on fuel use / price
EF from NIR and annual reports carriers
Em = fuel * EF fleet (NIR, etc.)
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28. Water transport (NACE 50), International shipping
IPCC:
Inland shipping
Actual emissions:
Emissions in harbour and in territorial waters
Environmental Accounts (resident principle):
Emissions in harbour and in territorial waters by residents
Emissions in foreign harbours + at sea by residents
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29. Water transport (NACE 50), International shipping
Data sources:
Monetary data (NA)
 So far usually the only option
Total fuel used (physical units)
 Data usually / regularly NOT available
Kilometres travelled
 Data also NOT available
Transport statistics
 A lot of assumptions needed
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30. Water transport (NACE 50), International shipping
Compilation:
Monetary data (NA), by fuel type (incl. bunkers)
Price information by fuel type
Check: for single (few) years with extensive research on fuel used (physical units), in order ‘to determine’ physical level
Annual development by volume indices Dutch fleet and NA figures on production volume and fuel use (monetary)
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31. Water transport (NACE 50), Inland shipping
IPCC:
Inland shipping
Actual emissions:
Emissions in harbour and in territorial waters
Environmental Accounts (resident principle):
Emissions in harbour and in territorial waters by residents
Emissions in foreign harbours + at sea by residents
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32. Water transport (NACE 50), Inland shipping
IPCC:
Environmental Accounts (NAMEA) total =
emissions on territory +
emission by resident vessels (barges) abroad –
emissions by non resident vessels (barges) inland
Sources used:
Kilometres travelled by barges
Transport / traffic statistics
Fuel use and emission from NIR – reporting (territory)
Monetary data
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33. Water transport (NACE 50), Inland shipping
From transport / traffic statistics:
Kilometres travelled by inland shipping:
Territory figure: foreign & Dutch Vessels
Dutch vessels abroad
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34. Water transport, Fisheries (NACE 03)
Actual emissions: emissions caused by fishing boats
within territorial waters
Environmental Accounts (resident principle): emissions caused by fishing boats sailing under national flag
 No difference IPCC and NAMEA (domestic + deep sea fishing)
Data sources:
fisheries statistics: fuel use
Total catch, number of boats, total engine power
Monetary data
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35. Water transport, Military activities (NACE 84.2, partially)
IPCC guidelines: same coverage as civil transport:
only on national territory.
Often: no information where actions take place because of secrecy
Netherlands: total fuel use military activities is known for land, water and air.
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36. Air Emission Accounts Results:
Contribution of mobile sources, domestic & abroad
Transport:
- Relevant for NOX & SO2
Less extent for CO2
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37. Air Emission Accounts Results: CO2 emissions by residents abroad
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38. Improvements
Add vehicle kilometres of buses, motorcycles, mopeds, etc.
Introduce more vehicle technologies (i.e. hybrid & electric cars)
Railway emissions abroad (residential)
Ownership of vehicles (fleet & assign mileage to NACE)
Treatment of Biofuels
Checks / confrontations on figures
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39. USES: Analysis & Indicators
Emissions, production related:
Compare / rank air emissions by industry & households
Compare air emissions of one particular industry across economies for single or several years
Bridge table:
Between IPCC and Emission Accounts
CO2 & GHGs
Emission intensities transport (CO2 / € VA)
Emissions / tonkm or Emissions / passenger km
Direct and indirect emissions Dutch transport
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40. Bridge table: CO2 & GHGs
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41. Thank you for your attention!
Questions / Remarks?
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