1. Chapter 3 Musculoskeletal System

2. Musculoskeletal System Overview
Consists of bones, ligaments, and cartilages that make up body framework
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the limbs, pectoral girdles, and pelvic girdles
Axial skeleton
Bones of the skull, thorax (chest), hyoid bone, and vertebral column
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3. Musculoskeletal System Overview (cont.)
The skeleton:
Supports and shapes the body
Protects tissues and organs
Stores calcium, phosphorus, and lipids
Produces certain blood cells within the red bone marrow
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4. Musculoskeletal System Overview (cont.)
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5. Musculoskeletal System Overview (cont.)
Muscular system—
Includes all muscles in the body
Made up of three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
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6. Musculoskeletal System Overview (cont.)
The skeletal muscles—
Produce body movement
Maintain posture and body position
Support soft tissues
Maintain body heat
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7. Musculoskeletal System Overview (cont.)
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8. Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System
ankyl/o crooked or stiff
arthr/o, articul/o joint
brachi/o arm
cervic/o neck
chondr/o cartilage (gristle)
cost/o rib
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9. Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System (cont.)
cost/o rib
crani/o skull
dactyl/o digit (finger or toe)
fasci/o fascia (a band)
femor/o femur
fibr/o fiber
kyph/o humped-back
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10. Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System (cont.)
lei/o smooth
lord/o bent
lumb/o loin (lower back)
muscul/o, my/o, myos/o muscle
myel/o bone marrow or spinal cord
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11. Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System (cont.)
oste/o bone
patell/o knee cap
pelv/i pelvis (basin) or hip bone
radi/o radius
rhabd/o rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)
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12. Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System (cont.)
sarc/o flesh
scoli/o twisted
spondyl/o, vertebr/o vertebra
stern/o sternum (breastbone)
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o tendon (to stretch)
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13. Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System (cont.)
thorac/o chest
ton/o tone or tension
uln/o ulna
vertebr/o vertebra
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14. Anatomic Terms Related to Bones
appendicular skeleton—bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvis, and limbs (arms and legs)
axial skeleton—bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest (thorax), and hyoid bone
bone—specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes
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Types of Bone Tissue
compact bone—tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
spongy bone—mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity (cancellous bone)
cancellous bone - mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity (spongy bone)
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16. Classification of Bones
long bones—elongated bones of the arms and legs
short bones—square-shaped bones of the wrists and ankles
flat bones—thin, flattened bones of the ribs, shoulder blades (scapulae), pelvis, and skull
irregular bones—bones of the vertebrae and face
sesamoid bones—round bones found near joints
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Parts of a Long Bone
epiphysis—wide ends of a long bone (physis = growth)
diaphysis—shaft of a long bone
metaphysis—growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
endosteum—membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
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18. Parts of a Long Bone (cont.)
medullary cavity—cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
bone marrow—soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones (red, yellow)
periosteum—fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
articular cartilage—gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate (join)
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19. Parts of a Long Bone (cont.)
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Body Planes
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Body Movements
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22. Abbreviations for the Musculoskeletal System
A anterior
CT computed tomography
AKA above-knee amputation
DJD degenerative joint disease
AP anterior–posterior
EMG electromyogram
BKA below-knee amputation
Fx fracture
BP blood pressure
HPI history of present illness
CAT computed axial tomography
Hx history
CC chief complaint
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23. Abbreviations for the Musculoskeletal System (cont.)
IMP impression
OA osteoarthritis
L&W living and well
ORIF open reduction, internal fixation
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
P posterior or pulse
NAD no acute distress
PA posterior–anterior
NKDA no known drug allergy
PE physical examination
NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
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24. Abbreviations for the Musculoskeletal System (cont.)
PMH past medical history
ROS review of systems
PT physical therapy
SH social history
R respirations
T temperature
RA rheumatoid arthritis
Tx traction
ROM range of motion
VS vital signs
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