1. Chapter 2 Notes
Earth as a System

2. Use 5 sheets of paper to make a booklet for this chapter
Foldable
Use 5 sheets of paper to make a booklet for this chapter

3. Table of Contents
On inside of front cover: number pages using front and back of page Pg. 1-Earth Basics Pg. 2-Earth’s Interior Pg. 3-Compositional Zones Pg. 4-Structural Zones Pg. 5-Earth as a Magnet Pg. 6-Gravity and the Earth Pg. 7-Earth System Pg. 8-Earth’s 5 Spheres Pg. 9-Energy Budget Pg. 10-Nitrogen Cycle Pg. 11-Carbon Cycle Pg. 12-Phosphorous Cycle Pg. 13-Water Cycle Pg. 14-Ecosystems Pg. 15-Energy Pyramid and Food Webs Pg. 16-People and the Earth

4. Earth Basics-watch Brain Pop: Earth
third planet from the sun
about 4.6 billion years old and is made mostly of rock.
about 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by a thin layer of water (global ocean).
an oblate spheroid, or a slightly flattened sphere. Earth’s pole-to-pole circumference is 40,007 km. Its equatorial circumference is 40,074 km.
average diameter is 12,756 km.

5. Earth’s Interior
Scientists use seismic waves to learn about the interior (earthquakes or explosives)
three major compositional zones and five major structural zones.
Brain POP: m/earthsstructure/

6. Compositional Zones- watch Brain POP
crust the thin and solid outermost layer of Earth above the mantle
Oceanic crust, which lies under the oceans, is only 5 to 10 km thick. (younger, thinner)
The continental crust varies in thickness from 15 km to 80 km. (older, thicker)
mantle in Earth science, the layer of rock between Earth’s crust and core- nearly 2,900 km thick and makes up almost two-thirds of Earth’s mass.

7. Compositional Zones
core the central part of Earth below the mantle-composed of nickel and iron, radius is about 3,500 km.

8. Compositional Zones
See TB pg.30

9. Structural Zones five structural zones
lithosphere the solid, crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle, 15 to 300 km thick.
asthenosphere the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it, about 200 to 250 km thick.

10. Structural Zones five structural zones
Mesosphere-the “middle sphere”; the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core, thickness of about 2,900 km.
Below the mesosphere is the liquid outer core.
The outer core surrounds the solid inner core, which begins at a depth of 5,150 km.

11. Earth as a Magnet
Earth’s magnetic field extends beyond the atmosphere and affects a region of space called the magnetosphere
Scientists think that motions within the liquid iron of Earth’s outer core produce electric currents that in turn create Earth’s magnetic field.

12. Mass
Weight
Gravity
Description
How is it measured?
Metric Units
Can it change? Explain

13. Mass A measurement of the amount of matter in an object
Measured using a scale
Units: grams
Mass does not change unless matter is added or removed

14. Weight A force due gravitational pull on an object
Measured using a scale or spring scale
Units: Newtons
Weight can change with location- depends on the amount of gravitational pull on an object. (An object’s weight depends on its mass and its distance from Earth’s center)

15. Gravity
Gravity -force of attraction that exists between all matter in the universe.
depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between the objects. (Newton’s law of gravitation)
Units: m/s2 (meters per seconds squared)
Gravitational force can change with change of location (planet)
Interesting note: Because the distance between Earth’s surface and its center is greater at the equator than at the poles, the weight of an object at the equator is about 0.3% less than its weight at the North Pole.

17. Earth System Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Energy is defined as the ability to do work. (Energy can be transferred in a variety of forms, including heat, light, vibrations, or electromagnetic waves.)
A system can be described by the way that matter and energy are transferred within the system or to and from other systems.

18. Earth System Open Systems
An open system is a system in which both energy and matter are exchanged with the surroundings.
Closed Systems
A closed system is a system in which energy, but not matter, is exchanged with the surroundings.

19. Earth System

20. Earth System
Technically, all systems that make up the Earth system are open, but matter exchange is limited.
Energy enters the system in the form of sunlight and is released into space as heat.
Note: Only a small amount of dust and rock from space enters the system, and only a fraction of the hydrogen atoms in the atmosphere escape into space.

21. Earth’s FIVE Spheres
The Atmosphere The Hydrosphere The Cryosphere The Biosphere The Geosphere

22. Earth’s FIVE Spheres The Atmosphere:
a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, moon, or other celestial body
provides the air you breathe
shields Earth from the sun’s harmful radiation

23. Earth’s FIVE Spheres The Hydrosphere
the portion of the Earth that is water
97% of this water is contained in the salty oceans. The remaining 3% is fresh water.

24. Earth’s FIVE Spheres The Cryosphere
Frozen water on the Earth (water in solid form)
Glaciers, icebergs, snow

25. Earth’s FIVE Spheres The Geosphere
mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth
Rock, soil, solid and liquid rock layers of earth.

26. Earth’s FIVE Spheres The Biosphere
includes all of the living organisms on Earth
(The biosphere is composed of all of the forms of life in the geosphere, in the hydrosphere, and in the atmosphere, as well as any organic matter that has not decomposed).
extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to the atmosphere a few kilometers above Earth’s surface.

27. Energy Budget
The transfers of energy between Earth’s spheres can be thought of as parts of an energy budget.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed (1st Law of Thermodynamics)
Energy becomes less organized over time- spreads out (2nd Law of Thermodynamics)
The constant exchange of matter and energy between Earth’s spheres happens through chemical reactions, radioactive decay, the radiation of energy, and the growth and decay of organisms.

28. Energy Budget

29. Cycles on Earth
Nitrogen
Carbon
Phosphorous
Water

30. Cycles: Water Nitrogen Where Found How used Key Words in the Cycle
Carbon
/Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Where Found
How used
Key Words in the Cycle

31. Water Cycle Continuous movement of water Where is water stored?
Key Terms include:
evaporation
transpiration
condensation
precipitation

32. Carbon Cycle Where is carbon stored? Key Terms: Combustion
Long term cycle
Short term cycle
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Carbon is an essential element for all living things
Moves through all of the Earth’s spheres
Enters atmosphere as CO2
Brain POP:

33. Carbon Cycle

34. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen in air-soil-plants and animals
Nitrogen is removed from air mainly by the action of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil.
Key Terms:
Nitrogen fixation
Bacteria
Lightning
Brain POP: m/nitrogencycle/

35. Nitrogen Cycle

36. Phosphorous Cycle
Does not move through the atmosphere-P is rarely a gas
Sources of Phosphorous: break down of rock, animal waste
Plants take up P-pass it to animals when plant is eaten
Key Terms:
Decomposition
Weathering
Runoff

38. Ecosystems-Transfer of Energy
Biotic and abiotic components
Can be small or large
Contain producers, consumers and decomposers
Carrying Capacity: the largest population that an environment can support

39. Food Webs Watch the Brain POP on Food Webs Shows energy transfer
Food webs are more complex than food chains
Photosynthesis is used by plants (producers) to make their own chemical energy from sunlight
Arrows in food web indicate the direction of energy transfer

40. Food Webs

41. Draw a food web for the following organisms
Frog
Mouse
Eagle
Snake
Grasses
Grasshopper
Ant
Which are herbivores? Carnivores? Omnivores?
What is the difference between a food web and a food chain?

43. Energy Pyramid Watch the Brain POP on the Energy Pyramid
Energy is lost as you move up the pyramid-10% of the enrgy is transferred through the food web to the next level

44. Energy Pyramid
Draw a food pyramid for the food web that you constructed.

45. People and the Earth
People can change the Earth by altering ecosystems, introducing pollutants into the environment and overuse of resources.

46. Conservation of Mass Lab Analysis questions: (record in your notebook under your data table)
Did we find mass or weight of our materials in this lab?
What is the difference between mass and weight?
Which trial represents an open system? Which trial represents a closed system? Explain
Compare the change in mass you calculated between Trial 1 and Trial 2.
Do both trials follow the law of conservation of mass? Explain
What are some possible sources of error in this activity?

47. Earth System