1. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING

2. Biotechnology
The application of biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacturing and service industries
The application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological-agents to provide goods and services
The use of living organism and their component in agriculture, food and other industrial processes
The use of microbial, animal and plant cells or enzymes to synthesize, breakdown and transform materials
The integration of natural sciences and organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues to product and services
A technology using biological phenomena by copying and manufacturing various kinds of useful substance

3. Stages of Biotechnology Development
Traditional/old biotechnology
The conventional techniques that have been used to produce beer, wine, cheese, many other food
New/modern biotechnology
All methods of genetic modification by recombinant DNA and cell fusion techniques, together with the modern development of traditional biotechnological process

4. Biotechnology: A collection of technologies

5. The Applications of Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
Diagnostics
Therapeutics
Vaccines
Agricultural Biotechnology
Plant agriculture
Animal production
Food processing
Environmental Biotechnology
Cleaning through bioremediation
Preventing environmental problems
Monitoring the environment

6. Plant agriculture Crop production and protection (Quantity)
Genetically engineered (transgenic) crops
Using biological methods to protect crops
Exploiting cooperative relationships in nature
Nutritional value of crops (Quality)
Improving food quality and safety
Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the concentration of saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils
Functional foods
Foods containing significant levels of biologically active components that impart health benefits
Plant Biotechnology

7. Breeding PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
a process to produce a genetically modified plant by removing genetic information from an organism, manipulating it in the laboratory and then transferring it into a plant to change certain of its characteristics .
Breeding
Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents
Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes

8. Breeding? Application of genetics principles for improvement
“Accelerated” and “targeted evolution”
An evolution by artificial selection
Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents
Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes.

9. Primary Steps in Plant Breeding
Develop a Vision
Find or Create Variability (Techniques)
Apply Selection Pressure
Evaluate and Select (Screen)
Commercialize
Vision- developed from your knowledge and experiences w/ horticultural crops, plt pathology, entomology, etc… Sometimes its based on your intuition or expectations
Variability- obtaining the genetic variation for the traits your interested in. Sources include modern cultivars, heirloom cultivars, wild taxa, related species, and now, with biotechnology any living organism
Techniques- include traditional or classical plant reproduction such as self and cross pollination. Also includes identification of incompatibility systems or other problems w/ normal reproduction. And now can also be based in biotechnology such as with protoplast fusion or embryo rescue from wide crosses
Selection pressure- the development of an evaluation environment that allows for the expression of variation in the trait of interest. You can’t breed for Pythium resistance without Pythium being present in your selection environment
Evaluation/selection- involves the statistical analysis of progenies, Also includes an experimental design that allows for the detection of differences between families or individuals
Commercialization- can include establishment of clean stock, bulking up, production, and intellectual property protection

10. History of Genetic Modification
1st transgenic plant created
1983
Mutagenesis breeding
1940’s
1st fertile intergeneric cross
1920’s
1860’s
Darwin and Mendel science-based selective breeding
mid-1700’s
1st fertile between species cross
8000 BC
Selective breeding within species

11. Selected milestones in plant breeding
9000 BC First evidence of plant domestication in the hills above the Tigris river
1694 Camerarius first to demonstrate sex in (monoecious) plants and suggested crossing as a method to obtain new plant types
1714 Mather observed natural crossing in maize
Kohlreuter demonstrated that hybrid offspring received traits from both parents and were intermediate in most traits, first scientific hybrid in tobacco
1866 Mendel: Experiments in plant hybridization
1900 Mendel’s laws of heredity rediscovered
1944 Avery, MacLeod, McCarty discovered DNA is hereditary material
1953 Watson, Crick, Wilkins proposed a model for DNA structure
1970 Borlaug received Nobel Prize for the Green Revolution
Berg, Cohen, and Boyer introduced the recombinant DNA technology
1994 ‘FlavrSavr’ tomato developed as first GMO
1995 Bt-corn developed

12. Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement (A Continuum)
Time
Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement (A Continuum)
Genomics
Analytical Technologies
Transgenic Traits
Biotech/Genetic Engineering
Winter Nurseries
Computer Technologies
Plot Mechanization
Quantitative Genetics
Statistics
Pedigree Breeding
Hybridization
Open Pollinated Selection
Germplasm Improvement
( = higher yields)
Proteomics
Bioinformatics

13. Importance of Plant breeding?
Increases in yield are derived both from improved varieties and from improved management.
It suggests about a of crop yield split between genetic gain and gain attributed to management.
Planting material is the most important input in agriculture
An improved cultivar is the most economic and least laborious input for crop cultivation

14. Does plant breeding work?
Corn Yield Trends: 1870 to Today
Bushels Per Acre
Year
Open Pollinated Varieties
Double Cross Hybrids
Single Cross Hybrids

15. Breeding Approach Empirical approach Analytical approach
Evaluating grain yield per se as the main selection criterion
Analytical approach
An alternate breeding approach that requires a better understanding of the factors responsible for the development, growth and yield
New Technology (Improved Technique) for organism
“Biotechnology”

16. Which technology?

17. Comparing Genetic Modification Techniques
Conventional Breeding Mutation breeding Plant Biotechnology
Level Precision Certainty Limits
Whole organism
Molecule
Thousands of genes
Unknown
Single gene
Genetic change poorly characterized
Gene function well understood
Between species and genera
Not applicable
No limitations
Will walk them through this slide, stressing that GE is more precise and predictable and that GE, because it allows us access to all of nature’s diversity, can provide products we’ve only dreamed of before now.

18. Traditional plant breeding
Traditional donor
Commercial variety
New variety
DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once.
(many genes are transferred) X =
Desired Gene
(crosses)
Desired gene
Modern plant breeding
Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand.
Desired gene
Commercial variety
New variety
(transfers) =
(only desired gene is transferred)

19. Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
"Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery."
Norman Borlaug
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
“Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery.”
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate,
Norman Borlaug