1. CT1303 LAN
Rehab AlFallaj

2. Data encoding Digital signal: Bit interval: Line Coding:
is a sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses.
Bit interval:
The time required to send one signal bit.
Line Coding:
The process of converting binary data, sequence of bits, to a digital signal.

3. Digital encoding techniques
Polar signal:
Polar Signal has 2 voltage levels, one positive and one negative
Unipolar signal:
UniPolar signal has only 1 voltage level.
BiPolar signal:
Bibolar signal has 3 voltage levels, positive, negative and zero.
Biphase Signal:
Biphase signal voltage changers during bit transmission time (bit interval).

7. NonReturn to Zero level NRZ-L
A type of polar signal.
The level of the signal depends on the type of bit it represents.
A positive voltage: the bit is a 0.
A negative voltage: the bit is a1.
A problem can occur when the data contain a long stream of 0s or 1s. The receiver receives a continuous voltage and determines how many bits are sent by relying on its clock, which may or my not be synchronized with the sender clock.
No synchronization provided.

8. NonReturn to Zero Invert NRZ-I
An inversion of the voltage level represents a 1 bit. It is the transmission between a positive and negative voltage, not the voltage itself, that represents a 1 bit.
A 0 is represented by no change.
Provide synchronization.

10. Alternatie Mark Inversion- AMI
BiPolar encoding.
Mark : comes from telegraphy means and means 1.
AMI: alternate 1 inversion.
A natural 0 voltage represents binary 0, Binary 1s are represented by alternating positive and negative voltage.
Can NOT provide synchronization if sequence of 0s are sent.

11. AMI

12. Manchester A Biphase encoding technique.
Manchester encoding uses an inversion at the middle of each bit interval for both synchronization and bit represent.
A negative to positive transmission represent binary 1.
A positive to negative transmission represents binary 0.
Bit transmitted are less than signals.
A large Frequency bandwidth is needed.

13. Manchester

14. Differential Manchester
A Biphase encoding technique.
The inversion at the middle of the bit interval is used for synchronization.
The presence or absence of an additional transition at the beginning of the interval is used to identify the bit.
A transition means binary 0.
No transition means binary 1.
2 signal changes to represent binary 0, but only one to represent binary 1

15. Differential manchester

16. Scrambled codes
Similar to AMI but used as an improvement of AMI; better synchronization.
Replace every sequence of 8 bits of 0s with a special codes in the American systems and replace a sequence of 4 bits of 0s with a special codes in the European systems .
Receiver replace the special codes with the sequence of 0s when receiver recognizes the code.

17. Block coding To improve the performance of line coding.
Some kind of redundancy are needed to ensure synchronization.
Additional bits are
included to detects errors.

18. Block coding: 4B\5B Used in fiber optics LANs Division: Substitution:
The sequence of bits are divided into groups of m bits.
Ex: in 4B\5B block coding, the original bit sequence is divided into 4-bit groups
Substitution:
M bits code are substituted for n bits group.
Ex: in 4B\5B block coding, 5 bits will substitute the 4 bits group.
4 bits codes = 2^4 = 16 possible codes
5 bits codes = 2^5 = 32 possible codes

19. Block coding : 4B\5B Line coding:
Choosing process of 5 bits codes are based on strategies and policies that ensures and helps in synchronization and error detection.
No more than 3 consecutives 0s or 1s.
No more than 1 leading 0 and no more than 2 trailing 0s.
If one or more of the bits in the block is changed in such a way that one of the unused codes is received ,the receiver can easily detect the error
Line coding:
NRZ-I are used for line encoding.

20. Block coding : 8B\10B Used in highly speed LANs.
Better in synchronization.
Better in error detection.
Better effective of transmission.
BUT: the required bandwidth is increased in 4B\5B and 8B\10B.

21. Block coding : 8B\6T Used in fast Ethernet LANs.
Division of bits into 8 bits groups.
Substitute 8 bit groups with a 6 symbol code.
Each symbol is ternary; having 1 of 3 signal levels.
Each block of 8 bits data is encoded as units of ternary signals ( +1, 0 , -1 V)