1. (more than you wanted to know  )
Viruses & Bacteria
(more than you wanted to know  )

2. What are Viruses?
A virus is a non-cellular, non-living particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.

3. Ex. T4 Bacteriophage

4. Ex. Herpes Virus

5. The Structure Of a Virus
Viruses are composed of a core of nucleic acid
The Nucleic acid core is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
The Nucleic core is either made up of DNA or RNA but never both

6. Reproduction of Viruses Lytic and Lysogenic

7. Prokaryotes Cells that do not have a nucleus
Exist almost everywhere on Earth
Grow in numbers so great you can see them with the unaided eye
Are placed in either the Eubacteria or the Archeabacteria Kingdoms
Make up the smaller of the two kingdoms

8. Bacteria Cell

10. Escherichia Coli Bacterium
E. coli is a bacterium. That is a crude cell, it is not a virus because viruses are protein containers with DNA cores or RNA cores.

11. Archaebacteria Lack important carbohydrate found in cell walls
Have different lipids in their cell membrane
Different types of ribosomes with very different gene sequences
Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments
They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments.

12. Ex. Cyanobacteria Bluish-green photosynthetic bacterium
Contain membranes that carry out photosynthesis
Do not contain the same type of chloroplasts as plants do
This bluish-greenish algae can be found nearly everywhere on earth.
Can survive in extremely hot environments and even extremely cold environment

13. Eubacteria Make up the larger of the two prokaryote kingdoms
Generally are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates

14. Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Shape
Cell Wall
Movement

15. Bacterium Shapes
Cocci~ Sphere shaped
Bacillus~ Rod shaped
Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped

16. Movement
Flagella ~ Tail-like structure the whips around to propel the bacterium
Cillia ~ hair-like structures that surround the cell & help it to “swim”

17. Different types of Flagella

18. Cilia

19. Bacteria and their energy
Autotrophs
Chemotrophs
Heterotrophs

20. Autotrophs
Make their own energy
Using Solar energy
Ex. Cyanobacteria

21. Chemotrophs
Make own Energy
Using Chemical energy
Ex. Archaebacteria

22. Obtain food by eating other organisms
Heterotrophs
Obtain food by eating other organisms
Ex. E-coli

23. Bacteria Reproduction
Binary Fission
Conjugation
Spore Formation

24. Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

25. Conjugation A type of Bacteria “Sex”
Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin

26. Spore Formation: Endospore
A type of dormant cell … primitive egg cell
Exhibit no signs of life
Highly resistant to environmental stresses

27. Immune System
Antigens – foreign protein (bacteria, virus, fungus, transplanted organ)
Antibodies – proteins your body makes to defend itself against antigens

28. Cells of the Immune System
B cells “memory cells”
Make antibodies
They “remember” the pathogen and know how to attack it a second time
T cells- “killer T”
Help B cells make antibodies
Kill infected cells

29. Types of Immunity Active… your body had to work to make antibodies.
Your body makes the antibodies
Ex: having the disease or being exposed to it
Passive… you did not have to work to fight off the infection.
You get the antibodies from another source
Ex: from mother thru the placenta or mothers milk, from a shot (rabies shot)

30. Body’s defense mechanisms.
1st line of defense is …
Mucus, sweat and tears… the body tries to FLUSH it out…
2nd line….. Fever
3rd line… full blown immune response.. White blood cells increase etc.

31. Vaccines Given a shot of dead or weakened pathogens
Your body makes antibodies in response to the antigens
You are left with memory cells

32. Reproduction of Viruses Lytic and Lysogenic

33. Lysogenic vs. Lytic Viruses
Lysogenic do NOT cause the host cell to burst…and die.
Lytic viruses cause the host cell to BURST die
Viruses can vary greatly in size and structure.
Antibiotics are useful on BACTERIAL diseases only because they interfere with processes that viruses do not preform.

34. Diseases….
Bacterial-E. coli food poisioning ,strep throat, tuberculosis
Protist diseases… sporozoan.. Parasitic… Malaria through mosquitoes
Viral diseases--- Herpes, HIV, Influenza

35. THE END