1. Pharmacy Lectures

2. Cell and Cell Division
-Cell is the basic functional and structural unit of life
-Smallest unit capable of maintaining independent life
- Organelles are suspended in the cytosol which is embounded by cell membrane

4. Cell Cell membrane Organelles Cytoplasm Membranous Non-membranous

5. Cell membrane
Function -Separates and protects the cell -Controls in the movement of molecules across the cell -Involves in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion channel conductance and cell signaling

6. Structure -Phospholipd bilayer -Protein are imbedded with in the membrane -Each phospholipids has a head and tail region arranged with the heads at ends

8. Cytoplasm
- Jellylike substance where organelles are located. -Also found within are organic/inorganic chemicals, inclusion bodies -Medium for biochemical reactions

9. Cell organelles Membranous organelles
Examples; -Nucleus -Endoplasmic reticulum{Er} -Golgi apparatus -Mitochondria, -Lysosome

10. Nucleus -Control protein synthesis and genetic material
- Largest membrane-bound organelle in the center of most cells.
-Control protein synthesis and genetic material
-The nucleus is surrounded by nuclear envelope which form circular openings called nuclear pores
-Nucleolus lies in the nucleus, produce ribosome

12. Endoplasmic reticulum
-(ER) is collectively a continuous network of outer membrane of the nuclear envelop -Granular/rough endoplasmic reticulum involves in packaging proteins -Agranular/smooth ER lacks ribosome, is the site of lipid, carbohydrate…..synthesis and also detoxifies

13. Golgi apparatus
-The apparatus is usually located near the nucleus and ER -The Golgi body further packages/stores proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export". - Flattened, layered, sac-like organelle.

15. Mitochondria
- Most important structure -Site of energy production (ATP) -Surrounded by two membranes, the outer membrane is smooth while the inner is folded into tubular structures called cristae.

17. Lysosomes
-Bound by a single membrane and contain highly acidic fluid.
-The fluid acts as digesting enzymes for breaking down bacteria and cell debris.
Vacuoles
-“Bubbles" of material in the cell.

18. Non-membranous organelles
Ribosomes -Assemble proteins from RNA codes. -They are found free-floating in the cytoplasm throughout the cell or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

19. cytoskeleton
Is a filamentous network to maintain /change cell shape and produce movements. -Microfilaments are the thinnest and most abundant of the cytoskeleton proteins. -Intermediate filaments are slightly larger -Microtubules are hollow tubes composed of a protein called tubulin.

20. Microvilli -Contractile protein which help to propel movement
-Hair-like motile extensions on the surface of some cells.
-Contractile protein which help to propel movement

21. Cell division -Majorly can occur through two processes
-Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells
-Majorly can occur through two processes
( mitosis and meiosis)