1. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 European Geosciences Union - General Assembly 2012 Geological characterization of Italian reservoirs and numerical 3D modelling of CO 2 storage scenarios into saline aquifers Silvia Beretta, Francesca Cappelletti, Roberto Guandalini, Fabio Moia RSE – Ricerca Sistema Energetico S.p.A. Environment & Sustainable Development Department

2. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 Agenda Essentials on the RSE research activity The numerical modelling of CO 2 storage by SIAM (Integrated Analysis and numerical Modelling System) Examples of application to on-shore and off-shore sites Conclusions

3. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 RSE and the Electric System Research projects RSE (317 employees) is a publicly-controlled company it performs R&D in the energy and environment fields involved in national and international research projects main mission is to carry out researches of general interest for the national energy system more efforts are devoted to the Electrical System Research projects (RdS) in order to: innovate the Italian electric system improve the plant safety increase the environmental sustainability reduce the costs with user advantage RSE Lab.– Milan (ITALY)

4. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 Main purposes: identification of potential sites and of their storage capacity evaluation of different injection scenarios in order to verify the suitability of the deep caprock-reservoir systems, mainly from the safety point of view The numerical modelling of CO 2 storage by SIAM The tools: a Web-GIS data base collecting geological and geophysical data a modeller for the 3D model generation and result post processing different 3D simulators aimed to model the geological system from the fluid dynamic, geochemical and geomechanic point of views a GUI for the automatic management of all the phases of a site analysis

5. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 3D geological model Graphic 3D visualizer MethodRdS modeller Profiles 1:1000 wells data, seismic lines, geological and physical data etc. ToughreactRdS Geochemical analyses (from LBNL) SHEMAT Reactive fluxes in aquifers (from RWTH Aachen-UNI) FEHM Local dynamic and geomechanics (from LANL) CANT-SD 3D geomechanics (RSE) Tough2RdS Multiphase fluid dynamics (RSE from Tough2) Sem2DPack 4D seismic response (from Cal.Tech.Inst.) Web-GIS The functional scheme for the site analysis

6. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 The SIAM GUI

7. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 Malossa-Lombardia ~380 Mton CO 2 ZONA B ~ 300 km Offshore Alto Adriatico ~800 Mton CO 2 Area Sulcis-Sardegna SW Evaluation of the storage capacity for the main potential Italian storage sites Offshore Adriatico marchigiano ~410 Mton CO 2 Offshore Calabria Ionica ~100 Mton CO 2 Struttura Cornelia ~ 200* Mton CO 2 Struttura Pesaro Mare ~ 150* Mton CO 2 *valori preliminari

8. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 Malossa oil and gas field the Po Valley and the Lombardia region have been strongly explored for oil and gas field exploitation; the Malossa reservoir has been identified in 70s about 25 km from Milano it is a gas reservoir, condensed in the Mesozoic sublayer a number of gas storage authorizations are currently in force data of 668 wells are currently available (110 of which from the ViDEPI project(*)) data of seismic lines (for many thousands km) are partially available (*)http://unmig.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/videpi/progetto.htm Site 1: the on-shore Malossa site (Lombardia) Starting information

9. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 caprock/reservoir system Malossa oil and gas field Milan o analysis of 1:1000 profiles of 15 deep wells analysis of maps from seismic information Identification of the caprock-reservoir system so established: Argille del Santerno: Pliocene clays (thickness from 62 to 543 m) Ghiaie di Sergnano: Upper Messinian sandy gravel formation, salt water mineralized, with high porosity, already used for the storage of oil treatment residual waters by two existing wells (thickness from 2 to 211 m). The sands have a porosity of 20-30% and permeability in the range 3-1250 mD, while the conglomerates have porosity of 14-30%, and permeability of 0.2-959 mD. Reference stratigraphy Site 1: the on-shore Malossa site (Lombardia) Data extraction (from CO2-GIS)

10. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 Caprock surface shape from isopachs Reservoir surface shape from isopachs Site 1: the on-shore Malossa site (Lombardia) Completion of geological model from geological sections Base 2D Voronoi mesh for the calculation domain, including injection structures Final 3D model (mesh + materials) Creation of the 3D model

11. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 Pmax at the base of the caprock Site 1: the on-shore Malossa site (Lombardia) horizontal injection well, -2250 m depth injection flow of 300.000 tonn/y, in agreement with the Techint capture project for its Dalmine steelworks plant calculation domain of 60x35x2.78 km injection period of 30 y, simulated period of 100 y safety criteria based on a overpressure value everywhere less than 10% of the initial pressure simulation has shown overpressure values in the reservoir after injection period < 3 bar (~2%) max CO 2 extension after 100 y: 2140 x 2090 x 157 meters

12. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 Reference stratigraphy scheme well s Seismic sections NNW SSE Linea B 440 caprock- reservoir system Site 2: the off-shore Alto Adriatico site Data extraction (from CO2-GIS)

13. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 horizontal injection well, -1350 m depth injection flow of 1 Mtonn/y, in agreement with the ENEL project for its generation power plant injection period of 30 y, simulated period of 100 y safety criteria based on a overpressure value everywhere less than 10% of the initial pressure simulation has shown overpressure values in the reservoir after injection period < 7.75 bar (~9%) CO 2 plume Site 2: the off-shore Alto Adriatico site Pmax at the base of the caprock CO 2 injection simulation

14. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 Other significant sites: the fault modelling Calabria Ionica (Tyrrenian sea)

15. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 The modelling procedure adopted is useful and effective to individuate and evaluate potential storage sites and to estimate their storage capacity; to generate the corresponding geological and fluid dynamic models; to simulate different injection scenarios and analyze the behaviour of the CO 2 plume in the short-, middle- and long- term. The SIAM is useful to connect the different modelling tools and support the analysis of a potential storage site in the CCS field The numerical tools included in the SIAM have been used also to perform the modelling of the exploitation of geothermal energy and of CAES technology Summary

16. European Geosciences Union, General Assembly -Austria Center Vienna - April 22-27, 2012 How to contact us The company web site : www.rse-web.it The RdS projects web site: www.ricercadisistema.it E-mail contact : silvia.beretta@rse-web.it Thank you for your attention! This work has been financed by the Research Fund for the Italian Electrical System under the Contract Agreement between RSE and the Ministry of Economic Development - General Directorate for Energy and Mining Resources stipulated on July 29, 2009 in compliance with the Decree of March 19, 2009