1. Globalisation, development and the environment
By the end of this lesson you will have:
Understood the economic and social development measures
Discovered the varying geographical scales in a multi-speed world
Looked at the development and environmental trends for global regions

2. Spec Check Concept Checker:
3.7a. Economic measures (both single and composite indices) of development (income per capita, economic sector balance) contrast with those focused on social development (Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII)) and environmental quality (air pollution indices).
Key terms:
Absolute poverty
Millennium Development Goals
Relative poverty
Informal sector

3. What does the term development mean?
What is development?
What does the term development mean?
In pairs, write down your thoughts.

4. Think – Pair - Share
We need to consider whether how globalisation has aided development. Critics think globalisation has infect left the rich richer and the poor poorer – but are they right?
What does it mean to say ‘the rich get rich and the poor get poorer’?
Do you agree with this statement?
Really – the rich get richer (the richest 1% have seen their share of the global wealth increase from 44% in 2009 to 99% in 2016) but the poor simply stay poor. Globalisation hasn’t pushed anyone into absolute poverty, but may have seen people experience more relative poverty

5. Rich get Richer
Absolute poverty = when a person’s income is too low for basic human needs to be met (less than $1.25 dollars a day)
Relative poverty = When a person’s income is too low to maintain the average standard of living in a particular society
In 2000, the UN came together to create 8 millennium development goals and global poverty has halved since they were introduced. This is largely because they have taken people in Asia out of absolute poverty.
However, people living in relative poverty has increased as the average wealth of a country increases
Q: Why does the average wealth of a country increase?

6. Introduce to pupils the MDGs and share on Showbie the Guardian article about progress made from the goals.

7. Relative or Absolute poverty?

8. Relative or Absolute poverty?

9. Relative or Absolute poverty?

10. Relative or Absolute poverty?

11. Development – The Development Cable
In pairs, analyse the development cable and figure 14.3 and answer the following questions:
1. Why is economic growth linked to technology and enterprise?
2. What 5 strands are an outcome of development and integral to development?
3. Give an environmental impact of development
4. What are the economic and social development linkages?
5. Why do social changes sometimes occur when the world’s poorest farmers get a boost in income?

12. The Development Cable
1. Why is economic growth linked to technology and enterprise?
Enterprise (business) and technology encourage competition (capitalism) which leads to economic growth
2. What 5 strands are an outcome of development and integral to development?
Environmental, demographic, social, cultural, political
3. Give an environmental impact of development
More sustainable environments (i.e. recycling)
4. What are the economic and social development linkages?
This is where economic changes such as Fairtrade and microloans make a country richer which then means they develop socially (i.e. start going to school)
5. Why do social changes sometimes occur when the world’s poorest farmers get a boost in income?
When the poorest start getting a higher income, they don’t need to work for food as much. This leads to social changes

14. The Development Cable
Shows us that there are many strands which stem from economic development (political, cultural, demographic, social, environmental)
Shows us that development is COMPLEX. It has a series of interlinked outcomes for people and places. These outcomes are INTEGRAL to overall development (aka – development can’t just be seen in economic terms)
Shows us that when the poorest farmers get an economic boost – social development takes place too
However, all development needs to be seen on a scale within the countries as well as between countries
i.e. are all genders, sections, minorities within a society sharing the same opportunities?

15. Measuring Development
development is measured in many different ways using either single (i.e. GDP) or composite (i.e. HDI) measures.
As Geographers we MUST question the validity (whether the measurement itself is valid) and reliability of such measures (whether the data is accurate)
TASK: Analyse the Clark-fisher model for development and try and explain it in your own words. Which pair can come up with the best definition? Hint – the model shows the four different SECTORS of work. You need to know what they are.

18. GDP – Pros and Cons Advantages Disadvantages
It is useful for comparison (all countries changed to $)
However, using dollars can give a false representation because of exchange rates
It is universally used, has a common framework
Ignores the work of informal sector or unregistered work
There is some attempt to change a GDP based on the real cost of living

19. Economic Sector Balancing
A country can re-balance their economic sectors in order to change their GDP.
There are four economic sectors: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
A country might rebalance their worth by suggesting that more people are actually working in one sector than another to boost their GDP ‘worth’ (nominal GDP)
For example, Nigeria in 2013 re-calculated their GDP to suggest that its tertiary sector was more influential than they had previously thought. They cut the share of the primary sector (agriculture) by 13%. They can do this because if someone owns a small farm for the family, but still works with computers, could we not say they were tertiary rather than primary?

20. Learning Check
10mins
On your whiteboards, in pairs or threes, make notes to cover as much information as you can remember from last week:
Development (what is it)
Poverty (how is absolute poverty different to relative poverty)
The Development Cable (what strands of development come out of the development cable?)
Development linkages (how is economic development linked to social development?)
GDP (what is it? How is it measured?)
Employment sectors (what are the four sectors and how are they linked to development?)

21. Measuring Development
There are different ways of measuring development.
Traditionally this was done by looking at a countries GDP.
However, as we have seen, this can be problematic. The distribution of people living in poverty, as well as elite groups, has become more complex in the era of globalisation.

22. Measuring Development
15mins
Now, there tends to be a focus on economic and human indicators
Economic development indicators focus on the wealth of a country. To standardise them they are measured in US dollars
Social development indicators are used to assess the well-being of a nations’ people.
TASK 1: In pairs you will EITHER get ‘economic development indicators’ or ‘social development indicators’. Using your phones/tablets to help you, explain they key words on your respective sheets.
TASK 2: Once we have these, use your textbooks pages to complete your graphic organiser for the other measurements

23. Economic Measures of development and welfare
Pupils to explore GDP and sectors balances of named countries after reading pages

24. Social Measures of development and welfare
Pupils to explore GII and HDI measures for named examples after reading pages

25. Human Development Index
Is a common framework of development which LINKS both economic and social development measures. It looks at life expectancy, income, education
TASK: Summarise the GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX
And the ENVIRONEMNTAL MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT

26. Environmental quality and development
There is a link between environmental quality and development
In poorer countries, there tends to be more air pollution. This tends to improve as countries develop more.
The Environmental Performance Index ranks countries.
Ireland rated the highest, Bangladesh rated the lowest
There are anomalies; Caribbean was rated high yet is a poorer country

27. Map Task
Using your A3 maps, analyse the human development index for 2016 and create a global distribution map. Annotate your map with stats and figures. EXTENSION: Use the Environmental Performance Index to add to your global distribution map (or create another map if you want) – notice the differences and clashes
Named countries – UK, USA, Japan; Nigeria, China, Ukraine; Angola, Afghanistan, Ethiopia

28. A Multi-Speed World at Varying Scales
In Geography we always have to consider the scale and pace at which people in different countries or within countries are affected by globalisation
It isn’t as straightforward as saying ‘everyone has benefited from economic and social development from globalisation’ because some countries have benefited more than others
Similarly, it is just as naïve to make claims that everyone within a country has benefited from economic and social development because not everyone within a country does

29. The Gini Co-Efficient – A multi-speed world at varying scales
The Gini Co-efficient is a useful and analytical tool that helps us to explore the economic disparity within countries. This helps us as geographers consider the scale of economic development that a country REALLY has.
A Lorenz curve is a curve on a graph which helps us identify the economic inequality within a country
The further the curve is away from the middle ‘line of perfect equality’ the more unequal the country is (i.e. a small amount of very rich people and the rest of the population are poorer)
The Lorenz curve can then be used to calculate a ‘gini index’ number between 0 and 1. The closer the number is to 0, the more equal a country is economically between its residents. The closer the number is to 1, the less economically equal the country is
A basic introduction

30. Calculating the Gini Co-Efficient
Before we go through the co-efficient as a class, let’s see how far you can get yourselves using the worksheet. Can one group figure it out before the rest?
TYPO: Bob has $15
Use your phones if you don’t understand a word
Charlotte
Abbie M
Sima
Sean
Becky H
Becky N
Eleanor
Callum
Ryan
Sophie
Katie
Sam
Felicity
Caitlin
Abi O
James
Jenni
Lois
George

31. Gini-Coefficient
Using table 14.1 on page 201, describe whether there is a correlation between the human development index of a country and its gini coefficient
In table 14.1 there initially appears to be a correlation between the HDI of a country and its gini coefficient. In high ranking HDI countries, we see the lowest gini coefficent with Sweden (ranking 12 in the HDI) having a gini coefficient of 25. In the lowest ranking HDI countries we see higher gini coefficent; Uganda (ranking 180 in the HDI) having a gini coefficient of 44. In the middle HDI countries such as Indonesia, we see a gini coefficient in between at 33. However, there are also anomalies such as Burundi which is low HDI ranking, yet has a coefficient of 33 which is lower than that of the UKs (at 34) which is a high ranking HDI country and all the middle ranking HDI countries have a lower gini coefficient than the UK.

32. Environmental winners and losers
The environmental impacts of globalisation often hit the poorest countries the hardest
This means that there are environmental ‘losers’ in which globalisation is hindering their environment and thus their development.
Examples of such environmental impacts is groundwater depletion and the removal of mangrove forests
TASK: Using your tablet, go to
Experiment with the data sets to produce tables, line graphs and bar graphs showing environmental and development patterns for selected regions and countries.
Challenge – have a look over the Gapminder Tools website as well to visualise development data. Describe the trends you find.

33. Christmas Homework
I need to see evidence that you have revised ALL of globalisation up to this point
Chapters 12, 13 and up to page 202 in chapter 14 needs to be revised
This can be in the form of notes, revision cards, ‘idiots guides’, re- written review question tests
‘Assess the extent to which globalisation helps development’ 12 marks
Remember to use the textbook to help you
Remember to give TWO sides – how it helps and how it hinders
Remember to have a line of argument and to conclude