1. “The Big 7” Contemporary Psychological Perspectives
Most common ways psychologists view behavior
Emphasize different influences that shape behavior
Focus on different topics to further investigate the differing interpretations of psychology

2. Learning/Behavioral Perspective
Subject matter/forces that influence
Environmental
Learning
Observational Learning
Major belief
Personal experience and reinforcement guide individual development
What you do, not what you know
You recognize when circumstances call for certain behavior

3. Learning/Behavioral Perspective
Ivan Pavlov-dogs learned to salivate at sound of bell
John Watson-Little Albert experiment
B.F. Skinner-Skinner box experiments
Edward Thorndike-Puzzle boxes with cats. Trial & error learning

4. Psychoanalytic Perspective
Subject matter/forces that influence
Unconscious processes
Early childhood experiences
Observational learning
Major belief
Unconscious motives influence behavior
Sexual and aggressive impulses

5. Psychoanalytic Perspective
Sigmund Freud-unconscious desires & conflicts
Carl Jung-collective unconsciousness
Alfred Adler-inferiority complex
Karen Horney “horn-eye”-parental indifference/child’s perception

6. Cognitive Perspective
Subject matter/forces that influence
Interpretation of mental images
Thinking
Language
Values, perceptions, and choices
Major belief
Perceptions and thoughts influence behavior
Computer analogy

7. Cognitive Perspective
Elizabeth Loftus-Memory/eyewitness testimony
George Miller-”Magic number 7” chunking memory
Herman Ebbinghaus-maintenance rehearsal

8. Biological Perspective
Subject matter/forces that influence
Nervous system
Glands and hormones
Genetic factors
Major belief
Biological processes influence behavior and mental processes.

9. Biological Perspective
Franz Gall-Localization of mental functions in brain
James Olds & Peter Milner-electrodes in rats’ brains/”pleasure center”
Wilder Penfield-electro brain stimulation/sensor & motor maps
Paul Broca & Carl Wernicke-language centers in brain

10. Evolutionary Perspective
Subject matter/forces that influence
Physical traits/ Inherited tendencies
Social behavior
Major belief
Adaptive organisms survive and transmit their genes to future generations
Evolution of behavior and mental processes
Inherited tendencies influence people

11. Evolutionary Perspective
Charles Darwin-father of evolution
Thomas Bouchard-twin studies
Nancy Pedersen-twin studies
Dmitry Belyaev-silver fox breeding
David Buss-mating strategies/gender differences

12. Humanistic Perspective
Subject matter/forces that influence
Self concept/self fulfillment
Major belief
People make free and conscious choices based on their unique experiences
Importance of self-fulfillment, consciousness, self-awareness, and choices
We “invent” ourselves

13. Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rodgers-free choice, self-concept
Abraham Maslow-hierarchy of needs, self actualization

14. Sociocultural Perspective
Subject matter/forces that influence
Ethnicity
Gender (cultural expectations & social roles)
Culture
Socioeconomic status
Major belief
Sociocultural, biological, and psychological factors create individual differences

15. Sociocultural Perspective
John Williams & Deborah Best-sexual stereotypes, masculinity/femininity
Soloman Asch-social conformity
Lev Vygotsky-a child's development is a direct result of his or her culture

16. Big 7 Review Perspectives (match letter to following statements)
A-Learning/Behavioral
B-Psychoanalytic
C-Cognitive
D-Biological
E-Evolutionary
F-Humanistic
G-Sociocultural

17. Big 7 Review Statements
1. Jamal is 13 and very moody. His parents think it is because of his raging hormones.
2. Melissa didn’t talk to anyone Friday night because she thought that everyone hated her.
3. Jose hits all the girls in class because he unconsciously loves them all.

18. 4. Chris is unable to get good grades because he is having problems at home.
5. William usually avoids everyone from the suburbs.
6. Diana gets $5 each week for cleaning her room. Diana loves cleaning.
7. Basha is very outgoing like her mother and brother.
Who thinks that they got a perfect score?

19. Answers 1-D Biological Jamal/hormones 2-C Cognitive Melissa/thought
3-B Psychoanalytic Jose/unconsciously
4-F Humanistic Chris/home
5-G Sociocultural William/suburbs
6-A Behavioral Diana/$
7-E Evolutionary Basha/mom&brother

20. Big 7 Review Alcoholism as an example…possible views…
A-Learning/Behavioral-learned from parents
B-Psychoanalytic-repressed anger
C-Cognitive-lots of booze is normal
D-Biological-chemical imbalance
E-Evolutionary-genetic predisposition
F-Humanistic-chose booze over jogging/karate
G-Sociocultural-drinking more acceptable in culture