1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Learning objective: I can explain how sugar molecules are rearranged to form other macromolecules. Essential question: What is the structure and function of carbohydrates and lipids?
“You are what you eat!”

2. 1. What does it mean to be a MACROmolecule?
You must be a Large molecule
You have a complex structure
Macromolecule
“little” molecule

3. I. Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers (Structure)
What is a monomer?
Mono= one -mer = part
A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.
What is a polymer?
Poly = many
A long molecule made of monomers bonded together

5. II. Classes of Organic Molecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

6. A. CARBOHYDRATES

7. What are Carbohydrates? (Structure)
Made of sugars and their polymers
Have Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) elements.
Functions of Carbohydrates in living things:
Major fuel/ energy source
Can be used as raw materials for other Macromolecules
Complex sugars = building material in plants
Base unit (monomer) is a monosaccharide.

8. a. Monosaccharide structure: A simple sugar
Glucose C6H12O6 (Corn Syrup)
Fructose C6H12O6 (in fruits)
Galactose C6H12O6 (in milk)

9. b. Disaccharide structure: two simple sugars linked together
Sucrose C12H22O11 (table sugar: glu + fru)
Lactose C12H22O11 (milk sugar: glu + gal)
Maltose C12H22O11 (formed from digestion of starch: glu + glu)

10. c. Polysaccharide structure: a chain of simple sugars
Starch: found in plants for energy reserves
Glycogen: in humans’ livers and muscles for energy reserves
Cellulose: found in plant cell walls for structural purposes
Chitin: found in insects exoskeleton and fungus cell walls for structural purposes
Functions: energy storage molecules or for structural support

11. Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell walls.

13. Cellulose is a fiber-like structural material made of glucose monomers used in plant cell walls

15. Glycogen is the animal short-term storage form of energy
Glucose monomers

16. B. LIPIDS What are Lipids? = C, H, O (Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
Fats with varying structure
Hydrophobic = (“Hydro” = water; “phobic” = Fearing)

17. Functions (Used for…) Long-term storage of energy
In cell membranes (cholesterol)
Protects against drying out (plant waxiness)
Insulation against cold
Speeds nerve transmissions
Absorbs shocks
Regulates cell activities by hormone actions

18. 4. Structure of Lipids Triglycerides = Glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails
Can be SATURATED or UNSATURATED

19. (a) Saturated fat and fatty acid
Saturated Fats
Saturated fats: All Hydrogens filled in.
No double bonds in fatty acid tails
Most animal fats
Solid at room temperature
(a) Saturated fat and fatty acid
Stearic acid

20. (b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid
Unsaturated Fats
Unsaturated fats : Have one double bond between carbons in the fatty acids allows for “kinks” in the tails
Most plant oils (olive oil)
Liquid at room temperature
Polyunsaturated: have many double bonds
(b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid
cis double bond
causes bending
Oleic acid

21. Saturated Fat
Unsaturated Fat

22. 3. Phospholipids
Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.
Function: Creates cell membranes

23. Phospholipid

24. Phospholipids in Water

25. 4. Waxes
Function:
Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings.

26. 5. Steroids Structure: Four carbon rings with no fatty acid tails
Functions:
Component of animal cell membranes (Ex: Cholesterol)
Modified to form sex hormones

27. Topic Today: Proteins and Nucleic Acids
Learning Objective: I can explain how sugar molecules are rearranged to form other macromolecules.
Essential Question: What is the structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids?

28. PROTEINS

29. Proteins are very complex
Proteins are very complex! Their specific structure determines their function.
HEMOGLOBIN: Transport of gases and iron in blood
ACTIN: Filament involved in muscle contraction

30. C. Proteins (Structure)
What are Proteins?
Structure:
Contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen(H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) + “R” Group (amino group)
Monomer (the bricks) = Amino acids connected by “peptide bonds”
Polymer (the house)= Multiple amino acids => Peptides or PROTEINS!

31. Peptide bonds connect amino acids to form polypeptide chains
One or more polypeptide chains make up a protein

32. Amino Acids Monomers of polypeptides
Molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
Differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups

33. Examples of Protein Functions
Immune System
Binding of antibodies (proteins) to foreign substances
Transport
Membrane transport proteins that move substances across cell membranes
Hemoglobin carries oxygen, iron, and other substances through the body in your blood.
Muscle Contraction
Certain muscle fibers work together to contract or extend.
Signaling
Hormones such as insulin regulate sugar levels in blood.

34. 20 different amino acids exist
The sequence of amino acids and the interactions of the different amino acids determine a proteins shape

35. NUCLEIC ACIDS

36. D. Nucleic Acids : The stuff of Genes (Structure)
What are Nucleic Acids?
Contain elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Phosphorus (P)
Monomer (Bricks)= Nucleotides
Polymer (House)= DNA or RNA strand

37. D. Nucleic Acids : Function
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
Located in the nucleus (DNA) and cytoplasm (RNA)
Genes
Are the units of inheritance
Program the sequence of amino acids (monomers) which create genes
Programs your physical characteristics (like hair or eye color)

38. Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
double stranded
Shaped like double helix (looks like a twisted ladder)
can self replicate
makes up genes which code for proteins is passed from one generation to another
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
single stranded
functions in actual synthesis (creation) of proteins coded for by DNA

39. DNA
RNA

40. Summary of the Organic Molecules: