1. Large biological molecules
Macromolecules
Large biological molecules

2. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
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3. Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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4. Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?
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5. Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
Also called “condensation reaction”
Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H
H2O HO H
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6. Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?
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7. Answer: Hydrolysis Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H H2O HO H
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8. Carbohydrates Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide
Function: Energy storage, structural support, cell recognition
Properties: Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Individual sugar molecules connected by glycosidic bonds
Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
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9. Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6) Fructose Galactose
glucose
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10. Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit held together by a glycosidic bond.
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
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11. Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose
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12. Lipids
Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against water loss 4. Chemical messengers (hormones) 5. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) 6. Cushions joints
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13. Lipids
Monomer = lipids have no true monomer, but repeating subunits can be glycerol or fatty acid chains H
H-C----O
glycerol O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
fatty acids O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =

14. Lipids
Properties – fatty acids are connected to glycerol by ester bonds Saturated fatty acids – only single bonds connecting carbons. Tend to form solid fats at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids – have at least one double bond. Tend to form liquid fats (oils) at room temperature

15. Lipids
Examples of lipids include: a) triglycerides b) phospholipids (component of cell membranes) c) waxes d) oils e) cholesterol

16. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles (actin, myosin)
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails (keratin, collagen)
6. Enzymes: catalysts for cellular reactions

17. Proteins
Monomer = amino acid There are 20 different amino acids. For humans, 12 of them are capable of being made in our bodies, but 8 are essential amino acids – they must be obtained through the diet.

18. Proteins
Proteins (polypeptides) are chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

19. Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)
– codes for an individuals genetic information.
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
– three types involved in protein synthesis, and transfer of copies of genetic information around cell
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20. Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds in dehydration synthesis.
Subunit = NUCLEOTIDE

21. DNA properties Double stranded Sugar - deoxyribose
Contains 4 nitrogen bases:
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

22. RNA properties Single stranded Sugar = ribose
Made up of 4 nitrogen bases:
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine

23. Macromolecule Animation
nt/chp03/ html