1. Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain Carbon, Hydrogen and/or Oxygen are called organic.
Biomolecules are large organic molecules.

2. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example: CH4(methane)

3. Biomolecules Large organic molecules.
called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS.
Examples:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

4. #1 function of a carbohydrate is short term energy storage.
Carbohydrates
#1 function of a carbohydrate is short term energy storage.

5. Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
Examples:
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

6. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
glucose

7. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose

8. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose

9. Stores the cellular information of the organism in the form of a code
Nucleic Acids
Stores the cellular information of the organism in the form of a code

10. Nucleic acids Two types: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix)
Mrs. Johnson’s FAVORITE macromolecule!!
Two types:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides

11. Nucleic acids
Nucleotides are made up of a Phosphate group, a Sugar, and the Nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T) DNA only, uracil (U) RNA only, & guanine (G)
RNA Nucleotides contain the sugar ribose
DNA Nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose

12. Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)

13. DNA - double helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

15. Lipids

16. Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water.
Lipids have no charge
Examples:
Fats Waxes
Phospholipids Oils
Steroid hormones Triglycerides

17. Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

18. Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. = =H
H-C----O
glycerol O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
fatty acids O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =

19. Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
saturated O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
unsaturated

20. Proteins Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds forming polypeptide chains
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

21. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Six functions of proteins:
Storage - albumin like egg white
Transport - hemoglobin
Regulatory - hormones
Movement - muscles
Structural - membranes,hair,nails
Enzymes - cellular reactions

22. Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)

23. Enzyme a special kind of protein
Change the rate of a chemical reaction.
Are involved in nearly all metabolic processes.
Speed up the reaction of digestion of food
Affect the assembly of molecules
Affect the storage and release of energy

24. Lock & Key Action of Enzymes:
Enzymes act on a specific substrate like sucrose
Each substrate fits into an area of the enzyme called the active site – lock and key
The products are released – bonds are broken
The enzyme is released and can attach to other substrates