1. Macromolecules Biochemical Compounds
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2. Look at the label. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found are (write the 3):
FAT
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)

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Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
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4. What do these words mean?
MONOMER
POLYMER
Micro
MACRO

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‘mono’ means ONE
‘poly’ means MANY
‘micro’ means SMALL
‘macro’ means BIG
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Carbon (C)
Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example: CH4(methane)
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Macromolecules
Large organic molecules.
Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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Carbohydrates
Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose
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12. THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!
They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of plant carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

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Lipids
General term for compounds which are not soluble in water.
Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
Remember: “stores the most energy”
Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides
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Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)
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Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
saturated O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
unsaturated
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16. They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.
They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!
THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

17. Watch this Video

18. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular reactions
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Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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20. They make up antibodies in the immune system
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
They makeup non-steriod hormones

21. All proteins polymers are made of the monomer…
MADE UP OF...
All proteins polymers are made of the monomer…
AMINO ACID

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Nucleic acids
Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. CONTROLS your genetic make up. It’s inherited.
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23. The shape of a nucleic acid is:
DNA is a
double helix
RNA is a
single strand

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Nucleic acids
Nucleotides include:
phosphate group
pentose sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
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25. Nucleic acids are made up of monomers called
Nucleotide Chains
Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more about when we study DNA

26. NUCLEIC ACIDS