1. Biochemistry: Carbohydrates & Lipids
Unit 3

2. Macromolecules A. What are they? 1. __________________________________
1. __________________________________
_______________________________________
2. Made of smaller pieces called __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a variety of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a _________.
Mono- one Poly - many
Very large molecules that make most of the structure of the body
monomers
polymer

3. Carbohydrates

4. I. Macromolecules B. Carbohydrates 1. Monomer: ____________________
2. Polymer: _____________________
3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
4. Uses: ___________________
5. Examples: ________________
monosaccharide (sugar)
polysaccharide (starch)
rings of carbon with
oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O
energy, plant structure
sucrose, cellullose

5. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include:
Simple sugars: small sugar molecules in soft drinks
Complex Carbohydrates: Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

6. -OSE ending means SUGAR
Monosaccharides
-OSE ending means SUGAR
Glucose is found in sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruits
Honey contains both glucose & fructose
Galactose is called “milk sugar”

7. Question??? What does the suffix –ose mean? Sugar
Where are glucose molecules found?
In sodas, candies, any sweet snacks
Where would you find fructose?
Fruit

8. Examples of Carbohydrates

9. Disaccharides A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (condensation)

10. Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Maltose (Grain sugar)

11. Disaccharides

12. Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked together
Polymers of monosaccharide chains

13. Examples of Polysaccharides
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

14. Question?? What does the prefix poly- mean again? Mono-? Many, one
Polymers of monosaccharide chains means what?
many sugar monomers linked together

15. Lipids

16. II. Macromolecules Lipids 1. Monomer: __________
2. Polymer: ___________
3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
4. Uses: ________________________
5. Examples: ____________________
fatty acid
lipid or fat
3 long chains of carbon
hydrogen on a glycerol molecule
energy, structure, warmth
fat, oil, cholesterol

17. Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, helps to insulate the body, cushion and protect organs, and makes up the cell membrane (lipid bilayer)

18. Lipids
Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.

19. Lipids & Cell Membranes
Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids
Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic)
Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)

20. Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” Do NOT mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
FAT MOLECULE

21. Cell Membrane

22. Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening) these are called saturated fats

23. Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils) these are called unsaturated fats

24. Examples of Lipids

25. Take the Quiz on Edmodo
Log in and complete the short quiz on edmodo.com

26. Biochemistry: Proteins & Nucleic Acids
Unit 3

27. III. Macromolecules D. Protein 1. Monomer: _______________
2. Polymer: _____________________
3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
4. Uses: ________________________
5. Examples: ____________________
amino acid (20)
protein or polypeptide
central carbon atom with
hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groups
structure, emergency energy
skin, insulin, enzymes

28. Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport

29. Proteins
Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make
A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis.
Dehydration synthesis = the building up of large molecules by removing water molecules

30. Examples of Proteins

31. Enzymes A. Special proteins that speed chemical reactions
1. Chemical reactions require a certain _______________ to get started.
2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster.
activation energy

32. Enzymes B. Lock-and-Key Model
1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________).
2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to “unlock” another reaction, you need a different enzyme.
enzyme specificity
key
lock

33. Enzymes C. Factors which affect enzymes
1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range.
2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach
3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster.
Temperature pH
Concentration

34. Enzymes

35. Biochemistry: Nucleic Acid & ATP
Unit 3

36. III. Macromolecules E. Nucleic Acids 1. Monomer: _______________
2. Polymer: ___________
3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
4. Uses: ___________________
5. Examples: _______________
nucleotide (5)
nucleic acid
5-carbon sugar attached
to nitrogen base and phosphate group
stores genetic code
DNA and RNA

38. Examples of Nucleic Acids

39. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Nucleotide
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
Phosphate
group
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Nucleotide

40. Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer

41. Bases Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

42. Nucleotide Monomers Form long chains called DNA
Backbone
Form long chains called DNA
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side
Bases
DNA strand

43. DNA Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix Base pair

44. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or U)
Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group
Uracil
Phosphate
group
It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
Sugar (ribose)

45. IV. ATP adenosine triphosphate A. ATP stands for _____________________
B. Cells use ATP as a __________________
C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphates
D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between _____________________________
E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released.
F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use.
rechargeable battery 3
the second and third phosphates

46. Question?? Explain the ATP/ADP process.
ATP has 3 phosphate groups. The energy is stored in the bond. When 1 phosphate group breaks off it releases energy and forming ADP. The addition of 1 phosphate to ADP forms ATP and the process continuous over and over.

47. Macromolecules

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Macromolecules
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