1. Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Monosaccharide Enzymes
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Lipids
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Proteins
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA

2. Polymers: Large compounds made up of identical or nearly identical repeating subunits
Monomers: the subunits of a polymer

3. Carbohydrates

4. Carbohydrates: Common Names: Carbs, Sugars, Dietary Fiber, Starches
Examples: Starches/Cellulose/Glycogen, found in grains, dairy, sweets
Function: These break down into sugars and provide ENERGY for cells.
Molecular Formula: CH2O

5. Monosaccharide one sugar
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What is the Chemical Formula? In order for sugar to enter the cell and provide it with nutrient energy, it must be broken down into a monosaccharide

6. Disaccharides two sugar
Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis (H2O is pulled out)
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose(table sugar)
Glucose + Galactose = lactose(milk sugar)
Glucose + Glucose = maltose (malt sugar)

7. Polysaccharides many sugars
3 or more Monosaccharides
Serve as energy source and provide support for cells.

8. Examples of Polysaccharides
1. Starch – food storage by plants
2. Cellulose – forms cell walls of plants & gives structural support
(we can not digest cellulose)

9. 3. Glycogen – storage of carbohydrates in animal tissue, stored primarily in muscle or liver cells
When not immediately needed, dietary carbohydrates are converted to glycogen or fat and stored.
When your blood sugar drops, the liver breaks down stored glycogen & releases glucose into the blood.

10. Lipids

11. Lipids (Nonpolar) Common Names: Fats, oils, waxes Examples:
Fats – saturated and unsaturated
Phospholipids (plasma/cell membrane)
Steroids
Found in meat, butter, lard
Elements: C, H, O

12. 1. Form barrier between cell & water environment.
Functions of Lipids:
1. Form barrier between cell & water environment.
2. Long-term energy storage in the body.
3. Found under the skin where they insulate the deeper body tissues from heat loss & protect them from mechanical trauma
Nonpolar because it does not mix w/water
These are grouped together only because they share the only physical properties of not mixing with water

13. Lipids are composed of:
1 Glycerol (a 3 Carbon molecule)
3 Fatty Acids which are attached to each of the carbons in glycerol.
Called Triglycerol
Carboxyl group at the end of Fatty Acid indicates that it is a lipid

14. Saturated Fats (Bad Fats)
Solid at room temperature
Maximum # of H are attached to C
Carboxyl group at the end

15. Unsaturated Fats (Good Fats)
Liquid at room temperature
C have double bonds
thus C are not full of H (missing Hs)
Missing more than one H = polyunsaturated
Carboxyl group at the end

16. Phospholipids
Fatty Acid Tails

18. Liposome:

19. Proteins

20. Proteins Common Names: Proteins, polypeptide, enzymes
Examples: Structural proteins, enzymes, Hormones, found in meat, egg whites, webs, gelatin, hair, muscle
Function: Provides 3d structure of cells, help regulate chemical reactions in cells.
Elements: C H O N & (sometimes sulfur) S

21. Amino Acids All proteins are made up of amino acids.
Proteins are different from one another by the sequence of their amino acids.
There are 20 amino acids in all.
8 essential (we need to eat them in foods)
12 nonessential (our bodies make them)

22. Amino Acids have 4 parts around a central C.
1. Carboxyl Group -COOH
2. Hydrogen atom
3. Amino Group -NH2
4. R Group - is what makes each a.a. different.

23. Amino Acids
Compounds with:
Amino group (-NH2) on one end
Carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other

25. Protein
Monomer: Amino Acid
Polymer: Polypeptide, Protein

27. Another example of levels of protein structure

28. Analogy Fruit Proteins Apple Muscle Banana Hair Plum Enzymes Orange
Strawberry
Peach
Tomato
Proteins
Muscle
Hair
Enzymes
Hormones
Webs
Gelatin
Egg whites

29. Hormones are necessary because they function to regulate many processes in the body.
Hormones belong to which group of biomolecules?
proteins

30. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that cause a reaction to occur at a faster rate than normal without becoming part of the product.
Without enzymes, reactions proceed too slowly for a cell to live.
If it has ----ase at the end, it is probably an enzyme.
Maltose Maltase
Sucrose Sucrase
Lactose Lactase

31. Enzymes are specific for the type of reaction they will catalyze.
pH and temperature can denature (melt) enzymes so that they stop functioning properly.

32. Reactants
Products
Bond is broken
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme

33. What is the purpose of an enzyme?

34. Nucleic Acids Common Names: Nucleotides, DNA, RNA
Examples: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA),
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Functions:
Stores genetic information
Controls cell processes
Helps build proteins (protein synthesis)
Elements – P, C, H, O, N

35. Nucleotides Made of repeating units of nucleotides 5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous base

36. How does 5 ft of DNA fit into a cell?

37. DNA

38. How are traits expressed?