1. Napoleon
AP European History

2. French Revolution Timeline
Moderate Stage ( )
Radical Stage ( )
Reign of Terror ( )
Reactionary Stage ( )
Directory
Napoleonic Era ( )
Consulate
Emperor , Hundred Days (1815)

3. French Military Victories
Levee en masse: the conscription of able-bodied men into the armies of the revolution
: French armies succeeded in defending the country against invasion
: French occupied the Low Countries, the Rhineland, parts of Spain, Switzerland, and Savoy (Treaty of Basel ended war against Prussia and Spain)
France remained at war with Austria and Great Britain

4. French Military Victories
1796: French invaded Italy, forcing the Austrians out of the war
1797: Only Great Britain remained at war against France

5. I. Napoleon’s rise to power
Early Successes
Was a successful general during the revolution
1793 Recaptured the French city of Toulon from British
Used his popularity to gain political power
Married Josephine de Beauharnais, her contacts with leading figures of the Directory would advance his career

6. Overthrew the Directory in 1799 and established the Consulate with the Constitution of the Year VIII.
Napoleon will become First Consul
In 1802 becomes Consul for Life
Self-made Emperor
1804 Crowned himself emperor
Each increase in power was supported by the plebiscite- a public yes or no vote

7. II. France under Napoleon
Reforms
Financial: Improved economy through government control and public works, equal tax collection; Bank of France
Education: System of public education
Religious: Renewed standing of Catholic Church
Concordat of 1801
Encouraged emigres to return under conditions
Napoleonic Code
Protected equality, religious tolerance

8. Napoleon Established the Banque de France, 1800

9. Lycee System of Education
Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform.
Lycées initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students [they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help available for poorer student].
Lycées trained the nation’s future bureaucrats.

10. Concordat of 1801
Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
But, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime.

11. Concordat of 1801
Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen.
Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution.
Bishops subservient to the regime.
Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest.

12. Code Napoleon, 1804 It divides civil law into: Personal status
Property
The acquisition of property
Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution.
Create one law code for France.

13. The Influence of the Napoleonic Code
Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Napoleonic Code swept away feudal property relations.

14. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime.
Napoleon undid some of the reforms of the French Revolution:
Women lost most of their newly gained rights.
Male heads of household regained complete authority over their wives and children.

15. III. Building an empire The Grand Empire France vs. Britain
Napoleon begins to build his empire in 1804 by annexing (taking) land that belonged to his neighbors
Put friends/relatives on foreign thrones
France vs. Britain
Tried to control Britain by setting up a blockade (not allowing ships to enter or leave ports), known as the Continental System
Didn’t work
Was increasing nationalism

16. Napoleon’s Family Rules
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louis Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome
Elisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Caroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

17. IV. Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire
Wherever Napoleon’s troops went, they spread the Napoleonic Code
Ended serfdom, class barriers, church privilege
People liked the ideas, but disliked being ruled by foreigners
Nationalism (pride in one’s own group) led many to fight back against the French
Napoleon replaced Spain’s king with his brother Joseph
Spanish fought back using guerilla warfare (Unconventional hit-and-run fighting)

18. Europe of Napoleon

20. V. War with Russia
Russia is offended when Napoleon marries an Austrian princess; angered over Continental System; led to war with France in 1812
Napoleon led in 600,000 troops
Czar Alexander I knew his troops couldn’t win
Scorched Earth Policy- Ordered them to retreat and burn everything as they left
French will have no food when winter sets in
Forced to retreat back to France
Entered Russia in June 1812
Mid-August had advanced some 300 miles

21. VI. Downfall of Napoleon
His enemies take advantage of the army’s weakness
Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia form an alliance against France (Quadruple Alliance)
Defeat Napoleon’s army in 1813 in the Battle of the Nations
Napoleon was forced to abdicate (step down from power)
He was exiled to the island of Elba
Louis XVI’s brother was made king; Louis XVIII

22. VII. Waterloo
Under a French king, many emigres returned to France hoping for revenge on the revolutionaries
In 1815 Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France
The people cheered his return
Louis XVIII fled
100 days later Napoleon would be forced to fight joint forces under the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo, he lost

24. Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena

25. VIII. Legacy of Napoleon
Died in 1821 while re-exiled on St. Helena island
Wherever he had influence he had introduced the Napoleonic Code
Constitution, elections, protected rights
No more Absolute Monarchs
Also sparked nationalism through Europe
Soon all empires would be broken up

26. IX. Congress of Vienna
European leaders met for 10 months in Vienna
Their goal was to balance power in Europe to bring peace
Led by Metternich of Austria
Redrew the map to the boundaries before Napoleon
Took power from leaders appointed by Napoleon and brought back the legitimate kings
Did not factor in nationalism