1. Note to teachers This revision session is on UK in the 21st century
A) the changing population structure & ethnic diversity of a named place
B) changes in one economic hub and its significance to the region & nation
C) the UK’s political role in one global conflict
D) the contribution of ethnic groups to the cultural life of the UK
There are handout sheets to accompany.
I have tried to provide the ‘essential details’ for each of the above topics. Students must apply this information to possible questions.

2. Geography GCSE Revision
UK in the 21st century
Learning outcomes
To revise the following topics in the UK in the 21st century unit
A) the changing population structure & ethnic diversity of a named place
B) changes in one economic hub and its significance to the region & nation
C) the UK’s political role in one global conflict
D) the contribution of ethnic groups to the cultural life of the UK

3. Main ‘examples’ for the UK in the 21st century topics.
The changing population structure & ethnic diversity
London – population and ethnic change.
Changes in one economic hub & impact on region.  
Cambridge Science Park
UK’s political role in one global conflict.
The UK and Middle East conflict?
The contribution of ethnic groups to the cultural life of the UK.
The Balti Triangle, Birmingham.

4. ‘Demographic’ means population ‘Transition’ means change.
The demographic transition model shows how a country’s population changes over time.
‘Demographic’ means population
‘Transition’ means change.
Clarify the two words – demographic & transition.

5. Death rates and birth rates change over time. WHY?
Why does the birth rate decline over time ?
Suggest 3 reasons
Why does the death rate decline over time?
Suggest 3 reasons
Very effective contraception e.g. the contraceptive pill from 1960s
Children not able to work for the family. Now in full time education. e.g. 50% of students now go to university. Therefore don’t start work until aged 20+
More women in full time work, pursuing a career. Later age at which women start a family.
Higher standards of living make children more expensive.
Improved health care. Vaccinations, more doctors & health workers
Improved cures for illnesses and diseases
Higher standards of living e.g. food, exercise, centrally heated homes
Improved health & safety e.g. fewer accidents at work; clear air act; road safety.
Students can suggest possible reasons.

6. UK population structure is the population of a country by age and gender. A population pyramid is a graph that shows the structure.
The height of the pyramid shows the life expectancy
The steepness of the pyramid shows the death rate.
Male
Female
Reinforce the terms – birth rate; death rate; life expectancy
The width of the base shows the birth rate

7. This is a population pyramid for the U.K.
The height of the pyramid shows the life expectancy
Ages. Each bar shows the number of people (in millions) in each 5-year age category.
Elderly dependents (Over 65s)
Economically active. This middle group (15-65) are the group that supports the other two groups
A copy of the UK pyramid can be given to students to annotate
Young dependents(Under 15s)
The width of the base indicates the size of the birth rate

8. The black line shows the population structure in 2001
The bars show the population structure in 2011
Task: Identify three changes that have taken place between 2001 and 2011.
Students have to describe 3 significant changes

9. The UK at stage 4 of the DTM. Words you might consider using:
Describe and explain the changes in death rate at this stage.
Words you might consider using:
Gradual Steep
Steady Rapid
Declining Rising
High Low
Increasing Decreasing
Constant Fluctuating
Describe and explain the changes in birth rate at this stage. .
Suggest what might happen to the UK at stage 5.
Students answer tasks

10. Natural population change:
Birth rate:
falling slowly
Death rate:
Rising very slightly
Natural population change:
gradual decrease
Examples:
A few ACs such as Japan and Sweden
Birth rate:
high and fluctuating
Death rate:
Natural population change:
More or less zero
Examples:
some remote tribes in Brazil
Birth rate:
high and steady
Death rate:
Falling rapidly
Natural population change: rapid increase
Examples:
LIDCs such as Gambia or Nigeria
Birth rate:
Falling rapidly
Death rate:
Falling less rapidly
Natural population change:
very rapid increase
Examples:
EDCs such as Brazil and Egypt
Birth rate:
low and fluctuating
Death rate:
Natural population change:
More or less zero
Examples:
ACs such as UK and USA
Students check that their order of boxes is correct & stick in, underneath the model.

11. The Dependency ratio – is the dependent population (very young and elderly) compared to the economically active (working population)

12. An ageing population refers to the increasing proportion of old people compared to the rest.
A population pyramid for an ageing population is narrow at the base (low birth rate) and wide at the top (low death rate & increasing life expectancy)

13. An ageing population – the causes
The causes of an ageing population are -
Longevity is another word for ‘living longer’.
Why are people living longer?
Fertility is the average number of children per woman.
(It is not the same as birth rate)

14. Declining fertility – a recent headline.
Newspaper headline – Sat 25 November 2017
The article states that .. “ the proportion of women who never have children has doubled in a generation. Almost 1 in 5 are childless by age 45. This compares with just 9% from the previous generation.” “Women increasingly likely to postpone having children, until it may be biologically too late.More than half of births in 2015 were to women aged 30 and over.” “Having no children is now as common as having one child.“

15. UK map of ageing population
Which parts of the UK have the highest % of elderly people?
Why? What is special about those regions?
Why is there such a high concentration along the south coast of England?
How might high concentrations of elderly people create challenges for local authorities?

16. Managing an ageing population
Managing an ageing population. What are the disadvantages with these strategies?
2) Raise the retirement age. Make people work longer before collecting their pensions.
1) Encourage a higher birth rate. Increase child allowance to encourage women to have more children.
Who would vote for this? The ‘grey vote’ is very large in the UK. Would politicians loose support?
Who would be persuaded by this? Would the ‘right sort of families’ choose to have more kids?
4) Encourage more immigration to the UK. Migrants will increase the birth rate and provide a workforce for the economy.
3) Increase taxes – to pay for pensions and increase care costs
Who wants to pay more tax? Is this likely to be popular with workers?
Would UK people want more immigration? What tensions might this create?
In pairs ....discuss the 4 options.
Which option are you most in favour of? Why?
Are there any disadvantages with your option?
What option do you least favour? Why?

17. Employment sectors Group Description 2 examples Primary Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Write these descriptions in the correct place.
Give 2 examples for each sector of work
- Manufacturing and making something.
- Involved in specialist design, research and development.
Providing a service, either public or private service.
- Extracting or getting the raw materials.

18. Primary
These are jobs that collect raw materials from the land or sea. Examples include farming, forestry, mining, quarrying and fishing. Some products are sold direct to the consumer but most go into the secondary industry.
Secondary
This is the manufacturing sector. They turn the primary raw materials into new products. Examples include all types of manufacturing – from heavy industry (ships, cars, iron & steel,etc) to ‘light industry (computer chips; electrical circuits)
Tertiary
These are jobs that provide a service. Retail work, most office work, architects, teachers and nurses are examples of jobs in this sector.
Quaternary
These jobs use high technology to provide information and expertise. Research and development is an important part of this sector. Examples are aerospace engineers, research scientists, computer scientists, and biotechnology workers.

19. The past 50 years have seen a dramatic change in the UK’s economy and employment structure.
1965
2015
Primary 4 2
Secondary 32 20
Tertiary 62 70
Quaternary 8

20. Background
The Cambridge Science Park, opened in 1970 and was the first Science Park in the UK. It is a concentration of science and technology related businesses, and has strong links with the university.
The Science park is home to more than 100 businesses involved in
areas of research & development.

21. The science park brings employs around 5,000 people most of whom will be highly skilled and highly paid. Over 100 Research & development firms are located within the Science Park, including Epsom, Toshiba and Microsoft.
Other companies have developed as ‘feeder companies’ to supply the R & D activities and in this way the Science Park has a multiplier effect that benefits the local Cambridge economy and also benefits the whole UK economy.

23. Why did this industry locate here?
Open land (on the edge of town) means lower land value and more space
Other research industries nearby = opportunity to share expertise
Attractive environment, plenty of ‘green space’
Modern buildings
Plenty of parking space
Main road = good accessibility

24. For a named economic hub in the UK, discuss how its economy has changed over time and describe the advantages and any disadvantages these changes have brought to the local area. (8 marks)