1. Volume 67, Issue 2, Pages 335-348 (July 2010)
Do Sensory Cortices Process More than One Sensory Modality during Perceptual Judgments? 
Luis Lemus, Adrián Hernández, Rogelio Luna, Antonio Zainos, Ranulfo Romo 
Neuron 
Volume 67, Issue 2, Pages (July 2010)
DOI: /j.neuron
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Discrimination Tasks, Stimulus Sets, and Psychophysical Performance
(A) Sequence of events during discrimination, on interleaving trials, between two tactile flutter stimuli or two acoustic flutter stimuli. (B) Tactile flutter stimulus set. (C). Acoustic flutter stimulus set. (D) Psychophysical performance resulting from discrimination of stimulus pairs in panels B (T = tactile discrimination threshold in Hz) and C (A = auditory discrimination threshold in Hz). (E) Temporal cross-modal discrimination task. (F) Stimulus set when the first stimulus was tactile and the second stimulus was acoustic (f2). (G) Stimulus set when the first stimulus was acoustic and the second stimulus was tactile. (H) Psychophysical performance resulting from discrimination of stimulus pairs in panels F (when the first stimulus was tactile and the second stimulus was acoustic; TA = discrimination threshold in Hz) and G (when the first stimulus was acoustic and the second stimulus was tactile; AT = discrimination threshold in Hz). (I) Discrimination task when both tactile flutter stimuli and acoustic flutter were delivered synchronously. (J) Stimulus set used in I. (K) Psychophysical performance resulting from discrimination of stimulus pairs of panel J (T+A = discrimination threshold in Hz). Sequence of events during discrimination trials in A, E and I. The mechanical probe is lowered, indenting the glabrous skin of one digit of the restrained hand; the monkey places its free hand on an immovable key (kd); after a variable delay 1-3 s, the first flutter stimulus is delivered; after a delay of 3 s, a second flutter stimulus is delivered at the comparison frequency; after another delay of 3 s between the end of the second stimulus and probe up (pu, the cue that triggers the beginning of the decision report), the monkey releases the key (ku) and presses either a lateral or a medial push-button (pb) to indicate whether the second stimulus was higher or lower than the first stimulus. (B, C, F, G and J) Stimulus sets used during recordings. Each box indicates an (f1, f2) stimulus pair. The number inside each box indicates overall percentage of correct trials for each (f1, f2) pair. (L) Recording sites in primary somatosensory cortex (S1: areas 3b, 1 and 2), second somatosensory cortex (S2) and primary auditory cortex (A1). cs, central sulcus; ips, intraparietal sulcus; ls, lateral sulcus.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Responses of Area 3b Neurons during Discrimination of Either Tactile Flutter Stimuli or Acoustic Flutter Stimuli
(A) Raster plots during discrimination of two tactile flutter stimuli. (B) Raster plots during discrimination of two acoustic flutter stimuli. Each row of ticks is a trial, and each tick represents an action potential. Trials were delivered during discrimination, on interleaved trials, of either tactile flutter stimuli or acoustic flutter stimuli (10 trials per stimulus pair; only 5 trials are shown). Only stimulus pairs with large (12 Hz) differences between the first stimulus (f1) and the second stimulus (f2) are shown. Gray vertical boxes indicate f1 and second f2 stimulation periods, with rate values on the left. (C and D) Periodicity and firing rate (mean ± SD) as a function of stimulus rate. (E and F) Coefficient values for f1 (a1, green) and f2 (a2, red) for the neuron's responses in panels A and B as a function of time. Upper panels in E and F are coefficients values based on firing rates as a function of time. Lower panels in E and F are coefficients values based on periodicity as a function of time. Circles indicate significant values. Upper panels in G and H are the number of neurons that, in their firing rates, provided information about coefficients a1 (f1) and a2 (f2) during either the tactile flutter task or during the acoustic flutter task. Lower panels in G and H are the number of neurons that, in their periodicity, provided information about f1 and f2 during either the tactile flutter task or the acoustic flutter task. Trials were ordered as function of f2 > f1 or f2 < f1 in both tasks. n, number of neurons tested in either tactile or acoustic flutter tasks.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Responses of Area 1 Neurons during Discrimination of Either Tactile Flutter Stimuli or Acoustic Flutter Stimuli
Same labels as in Figure 2.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Responses of Area 2 Neurons during Discrimination of Either Tactile Flutter Stimuli or Acoustic Flutter Stimuli
Same labels as in Figure 2.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Responses of S2 Neurons during Discrimination of Either Tactile Flutter Stimuli or Acoustic Flutter Stimuli
Same labels as in Figure 2, but in addition, blue traces indicate number of neurons with coefficients a1 (f1) and a2 (f2) that were significant and of different magnitudes and had opposite signs; these are partial differential responses. Black traces indicate number of neurons with coefficient a1 and a2 that were significant and of similar magnitude and opposite signs; these are fully differential or categorical responses.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
Responses of A1 Neurons during Discrimination of Either Tactile Flutter Stimuli or Acoustic Flutter Stimuli
Same labels as in Figure 2.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

8. Figure 7 Correlation between Neuronal and Behavioral Responses
Choice probability indices as a function of time. (A and B) Green traces, neurons that encoded information about f1; red traces, neurons that encoded information about f2; gray traces, neurons that responded but did not encode information about f1 or f2 during the task components; blue traces, partially differential response neurons that carried information about f1 and f2 (d); black traces, fully differential response neurons that carried information about f2 – f1 only (c). n, number of neurons that responded according to the above description during discrimination of either the tactile flutter task or the acoustic flutter task.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

9. Figure 8
Cross-Modal Discrimination Processing and Influences of Acoustic and Tactile Stimuli on Somatosensory and Auditory Processing
Cross-modal discrimination processing in primary somatosensory cortex (areas 3b, 1 and 2), secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) and primary auditory cortex (A1), and the influences of acoustic and tactile stimuli on somatosensory and auditory processing. (A) Number of neurons that responded when f1 was tactile and f2 acoustic. (B) Number of neurons that responded when f1 was acoustic and f2 tactile. (C) Number of neurons that responded in S1, S2 and A1 when the tactile and auditory stimuli were delivered synchronously. (D) Acoustic influences on tactile processing in S1 and S2 and tactile influences on acoustic processing in A1. For each neuron of panel C we calculated the slope of the best linear fit of the firing rate as a function of the stimulus rates during discrimination of either two tactile flutter stimuli or two acoustic flutter stimuli delivered synchronously (f1, tactile + acoustic; f2, tactile + acoustic). We required a good fit (χ2, Q > 0.05) and the slope of the linear fit to be significantly different from zero (p < 0.01, n = 1000, permutation test [Siegel and Castellan, 1988]). Each data point corresponds to the intersection of the slopes in the case of the response during the tactile flutter task and acoustic flutter task (y axes) versus the responses during discrimination when in f1 and in f2 the tactile and acoustic stimuli were delivered simultaneously. Ellipses are 2σ-contour for a two-dimensional Gaussian fit to the data point distributions. Continuous lines in C correspond to neurons that modulated their firing rates as a function of the stimulus rate; broken lines correspond to neurons that modulated their periodicity as functions of the stimulus rate. Green lines and dots correspond to f1; red lines and dots correspond to f2.
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions