1. Exploring Transportation

2. Not the most comfortable ride, this was the best way to transport people and their belongings over long distances. Operating on two horsepower, it went from 0 to 60 in, well, never.
Where it Started

3. Steam Engines
The invention of the steam engine provided more power, which could move more goods and more people over even greater distances in shorter amounts of time.

4. And finally, modern technology
The engines in these early automobiles operated essentially the same as today’s internal combustion engines. The only differences have been improvements in efficiency and power.

5. Internal Combustion Engine
Nikolaus August Otto, patent 1876
Part of nearly all private passenger vehicles
Plentiful petroleum led to use of gasoline in the engine
Fuel mixed with air then injected
Uses electric spark for explosion
250+ million cars now registered in U.S.

6. Diesel Engine Rudolph Diesel, invented 1878
Another form of internal combustion engine
Direct fuel injection
No spark plug
Fuel ignites at its flash point
More efficient than gasoline engines of day
The flash point is the temperature at which a liquid can vaporize to ignite in air.
In a diesel engine, air is compressed and thus heated. It is then sprayed into the cylinder as an air/fuel mixture.
Diesel’s Original 1897 Engine
Photo courtesy of Chris Thomas via wikimedia commons
Exploring Transportation - 7/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

7. Current IC Engines Thermal efficiency (26-34%)
Mechanical efficiency (94%)
Overall efficiency (20%)
Emissions
Particulate matter
NOx
Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Source:

8. Alternatives to Petroleum-based Fuels
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Cleaner, does not emit nitrogen and sulfur oxides, or all the particulate matter
Still releases carbon dioxide
Hydrogen fuel cells (used at Vancouver Olympics)
Only emission is water vapor
Lots of energy required to generate hydrogen
Lack of infrastructure
Currently prohibitively expensive
CNG Fueling Station
Exploring Transportation - 7/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

9. Alternatives to Petroleum-based Fuels
LNG
Fuel blends (Ethanol, biodiesel)
Hybrid vehicles
All Electric vehicles
PHEV Charging
Photo courtesy of NRG eVgo via wikimedia commons
Exploring Transportation - 7/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

10. For More Information The NEED Project www.need.org info@need.org
Energy Information Administration
U.S. Department of Energy
Exploring Transportation - 7/19/17 - ©The NEED Project

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Exploring Transportation - 7/19/17 - ©The NEED Project