1. Transport and Climate Change: Priorities for World Bank-GEF Projects
Todd M. Johnson
World Bank
March 31, 2003

2. Transport Sector in Developing Countries
Transport is a major source of GHGs and is projected to increase (UNFCCC)
GEF Operational Program on Transport (OP11) established to address this sector

3. Urban Transport & Climate Change Strategy for World Bank/GEF
World Bank Urban Transport Strategy
GEF OP11 Priorities
Overlap & Synergies
Recommended priorities for urban transport & climate change for World Bank/GEF projects

4. GEF Operational Program #11: Original Scope
Modal shifts to more efficient and less polluting forms of public and freight transport
Traffic management and avoidance
Increased use of cleaner fuels
Non-motorized transport
Low or no emission technologies
Fuel cell or battery operated 2- and 3 wheelers
Hydrogen powered fuel cell or battery operated vehicles
Internal combustion engine – electric hybrid buses
Converting biomass feedstock to liquid fuels

5. Table 3. Overlap Between the Bank’s UTS and Initial OP11 Priorities
Four Key Elements of World Bank UTS Review
(i)
Structural land-use changes
(ii)
Improved operational efficiency of transport modes
(iii)
Better focusing of pro-poor interventions
(iv)
PIF
Reforms
Priorities of the GEF OP11
(i) Modal shifts 

(ii) NMT
(iii) Fuel-cell or battery-operated 2- or 3-wheel vehicles 
(iv) Hydrogen- powered fuel cells or battery-operated public or freight vehicles
(v) ICE-electric hybrid vehicles
(vi) Advanced biofuels
Key: Minimal. overlap - ; Some overlap - ; Maximum overlap - .
Key: Minimal overlap-- ; Some overlap-- ; Maximum overlap--.

6.   Overlap Between the Bank's UTS and the Revised OP11 Priorities
World Bank Urban Transport Strategy Review
Four Key Elements
(i)
Structural land use changes
(ii)
Improved operational efficiency of transport modes
(iii)
Better focusing of pro-poor interventions
(iv)
Policy, institutional & fiscal reforms
Priorities of GEF/STAP for Modal Shifts to Sustainable Urban Transport Modes
(i) Public Rapid Transit 

(ii) Transport Demand Management
(iii) NMT
(iv) Land-Use Planning
Key: Minimal. overlap - ; Some overlap - ; Maximum overlap - .

7. Climate Change Benefits of Public Transportation Impact of an Additional Bus (IEA – 2002)
Standard bus: 65% reduction in fuel use/CO2
Euro II clean bus: 65-70% reduction in fuel use/CO2
Euro IV clean bus: 65-70% reduction in fuel use/CO2
Zero-emissions bus: 70% reduction in fuel use/CO2
Most of the GHG reduction benefit is achieved by moving to buses – the technology employed plays a minor role from a GHG perspective.

8. Preserve and Expand NMT Options
Motorized transport development and safety concerns often reduce existing NMT usage
Low capital investment requirements make bike and pedestrian transport accessible to low income groups
NMT has a negative image in many countries

9. Environmental Impacts
Transport (and other small sources) account for a disproportionately higher share of local air pollution impacts compared to total emissions
Local damages usually much greater than global damages in developing countries

10. WB/GEF Transport Projects
Marikina Bikeways, Manila
Mexico City Air Quality
Lima Urban Transport
Santiago Urban Transport

11. Marikina Bikeways Project, Manila
Design and operate a system of bike trails and designated lanes for NMT
Use NMT to connect residential communities with schools, employment centers, the new metropolitan train station, and other public transport terminals
Avoid the “crowding-out” of NMT modes

12. Transport Corridors in Mexico City
Modelled after successful experiences in other Latin American cities
Development of busway corridors that support metro-bus integration and improve the environmental performance, economic efficiency, and image of public transport

13. Lima and Santiago Projects
Direct or indirect support for segregated busways
Bikeway promotion
Transport demand management measures
Transport and urban planning

14. Summary of Emerging WB Priorities for OP11
Cost-effective public transport
Non-motorized transport
Transport and Land-use Planning
Transport Demand Management
Other: regulations and standards; technology options.
Targeted research on transport and climate change