1. Shapes of States and Stuff
Ap human geography
Political organization of space unit

2. For today, 01/17
* Pick up a map. You will want to take some note- tays. 
*Quiz on Friday is CLOSED NOTE!
Turn in to the tray: Most Dangerous Borders Foreign Policy assignment (from Friday)

3. Shapes of States INDONESIA S. AFRICA THAILAND CHILE FRANCE
Five basic shapes
Compact = efficient
Elongated = potential isolation
Prorupted = access or disruption
Perforated = surrounds
Fragmented = problematic
INDONESIA
S. AFRICA
THAILAND
CHILE
FRANCE

4. Exclaves and Enclaves
EXclaves are usually OUT of the country or EX’d OUT.
An EXclave is a territory legally or politically attached to another territory with which it is not physically contiguous.
ENclaves are INside of another country.
An ENclave is a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory.
(Fig. 1) C is A's enclave and B's exclave
(Fig. 2) C is an exclave of B, but not an enclave of A since it also shares a border with D
Fig. 1
Fig. 2

5. Inside SOUTHERN Africa
A form of IMPERIALISM, European countries SUPERIMPOSED their power and created colonial boundaries in As a result, the five basic shapes of states can be seen in southern Africa today.

6. On you mark. Get set. Find an example of all 5 shapes in Southern Africa. Go.
Wait. What the?

7. STATE SHAPES COMPACT ELONGATED PRORUPTED PERFORATED FRAGMENTED
Distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
Compactness is an advantage for small states because communications to all regions are easy to establish if the capital is located in the center.
The shape does not, however, ensure peace.
Ex: Kenya, Kosovo, Rwanda, Uruguay
Long, narrow shape.
Internal communications are difficult.
Capital is usually placed at the center, and extreme end regions have difficulty communicating with it.
EX: Myanmar, Chile, Argentina, Malawi, etc.
Otherwise compact but with a large projection
Proruptions either:
1) Give access to resource
Ex: DRC
2) Separate states
ex: Namibia, Afghanistan
Completely surrounds another state
Ex: South Africa, ltaly
An ENCLAVE is a territory or state that falls entirely within another state.
Ex: Vatican City, Monaco, Cabinda, Lesotho
Has several discontinuous pieces of territory
Two Kinds:
1) Fragmented by water
Ex: Tanzania, Indonesia
2) Fragmented by an intervening state
Ex: Angola, Russia, India,
An EXCLAVE is territory legally attached to a state with which it is not contiguous
Ex: Cabinda, Alaska

8. Compact States: Efficient
In a compact state, the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
Compactness is a beneficial characteristic for most smaller states, because good communications can be more easily established to all regions.

9. Prorupted States: Access or Disruption
An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension is a prorupted state.
Proruptions are created for two principal reasons.
First, a proruption can provide a state with access to a resource, such as water.
Proruptions can also separate two states that otherwise would share a boundary.

10. Elongated States: Potential Isolation
There are a handful of elongated states, or states with a long and narrow shape.
The best example is Chile.
A less extreme example of an elongated state is Italy.
Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communications.

11. Fragmented States: Problematic
A fragmented state includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
There are two kinds of fragmented states: those with areas separated by water, and those separated by an intervening state.
A difficult type of fragmentation occurs if the two pieces of territory are separated by another state.
Picture the difficulty of communicating between Alaska and the lower 48 states if Canada were not a friendly neighbor.
For most of the twentieth century, Panama was an example of a fragmented state divided in two parts by the Canal, built in by the United States.

12. India: The Tin Bigha Corridor
The Tin Bigha corridor fragmented two sections of the country of Bangladesh. When it was leased to Bangladesh, a section of India was fragmented.

13. Perforated States: South Africa
A state that completely surrounds another one is a perforated state.
The one good example of a perforated state is South Africa, which completely surrounds the state of Lesotho.

14. Landlocked States CLOSED SEA
Entirely enclosed by land, or only coastline is with a CLOSED SEA (rivers don’t count). Geography is not trying to trick you with a misleading title like “Drive-Thru.” Landlocked states are literally locked by land. 
CLOSED SEA

15. Identify as many landlocked states as you can!
48 “political units” are considered landlocked
42 landlocked countries
2 double-landlocked countries
4 “partially recognized” landlocked countries
"If you are coastal, you serve the world; if you are landlocked, you serve your neighbors.”
- Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion
Identify as many landlocked states as you can!

16. Landlocked States of the World

17. In your notes:
(1.) Go to:
(2.) Read about and record info for:
(a.) The Heartland Theory
(b.) The Rimland Theory
(c.) Federal and Unitary States
(d.) The Domino Theory