1. Chapter 11: From DNA to Protein

2. DNA to protein notes outline
Types of RNA:
1. mRNA
2. tRNA
3. rRNA
Transcription:
why?
ex.
Translation
where?
codon:
peptide bond:
anticodon:
start= stop=
Gene expression
2 steps:
II. DNA vs. RNA
DNA
RNA
# strands
Sugar
Bases
location

3. DNA to Protein: Gene: segment of DNA that controls a trait
Gene Expression:
using genetic information in DNA to make proteins
2 Stages:
transcription
translation

4. DNA
replication
DNA
transcription
RNA
translation
Protein

5. DNA: RNA: double stranded single stranded sugar = deoxyribose
thymine pairs with adenine
cannot leave nucleus
RNA:
single stranded
sugar = ribose
uracil pairs with adenine
leaves the nucleus

6. Three Types of RNA: RNA = RiboNucleic Acid
mRNA (messenger RNA): travels from nucleus to cytoplasm carrying message from DNA
tRNA (transfer RNA): transfers amino acids to ribosome that will make the protein
rRNA (ribosomal RNA): makes up the ribosome

7. Transcription: Process of making mRNA from DNA
why? DNA can’t leave nucleus but RNA can

8. Steps of Transcription
1. DNA unzips
2. Free nucleotides build mRNA from DNA
3. mRNA leaves nucleus to find a ribosome for protein synthesis
4. DNA “re-zips”

9. Example: transcribe this DNA into mRNA:
A C C A T G A C C T
U G G U AC U G G A

10. Transcription/translation:
After transcription is complete, the mRNA enters the cytoplasm and looks for a ribsosome to begin protein synthesis

11. Translation: Process of making proteins from RNA (using codons)
CODON: 3 bases on mRNA to make amino acid
peptide bonds link amino acids
the amino acid sequence determines the structure and function of proteins
20 amino acids

12. Use a codon chart to determine correct amino acids
Some codons signal start or stop
AUG (methoinine) = start building protein
UAA, UAG, UGA = stop building protein

13. Translation:
Starts when mRNA binds to a ribosome, tRNA then carries amino acids to the ribosome
(tRNA has anticodon that matches mRNA codon)

14. Example of Translation:
mRNA is CGAUGUUCAAACUGUGA
tRNA is GCUACAAGUUUGACACU
First find start codon on mRNA, then group in 3 for the rest of your strand
amino acid
chain is: meth-phenyl-lys-leu-STOP!