1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

2. CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
DNA
transcription
 RNA 
translation
  Protein

3. GROWING CELL Before cell division the cell’s DNA has to duplicate
(DNA REPLICATION)
While the cell is growing it needs enzymes and extra proteins…

4. TRANSCRIPTION DNA INFO COPIED TO mRNA
THE INFORMATION FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS IN THE DNA IN THE NUCLEUS.
THE INFO FROM THE DNA IS COPIED INTO m RNA, WHICH CAN LEAVE THE NUCLEUS AND GET TO THE RIBOSOMES IN THE CYTOPLASM.
THE PROTEINS ARE MADE IN THE CYTOPLASM IN THE RIBOSOMES
DNA INFO COPIED TO mRNA

5. TRANSCRIPTION: the process
RNA polymerase: enzyme that initiates transcription by binding to promoter at the 3' end of DNA, unwinds and unzips it.
RNA activated nucleotides pair with the complementary bases of the DNA strand
RNA polymerase, binds the RNA nucleotides together to form the mRNA poynucleotide.
Only 1 strand of DNA in a gene gets transcribed:

6. ANIMATION http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/26/transmenu_s.swf
CLIK here to view an animation of the whole process of transcription!

7. TRANSLATION
DNA
DNA info is copied into to RNA code, which is still in the “language” of nitrogenous bases, except that adenine on the DNA pairs with uracil (in place of thymine) on the RNA. HAPPENS IN NUCLEUS.
transcription
M RNA
The RNA code is then translated to protein code, which is a different “language.” (nitrogenous bases to aminoacids.
This process involves ribosomes and two kinds of RNA: mRNA and tRNA. HAPPENS IN CYTOPLASM
translation
PROTEIN

8. INFORMATION IN THE mRNA
Codon: sequence of 3 nucleotides on
m-RNA that codes for one amino acid.
The GENETIC CODE states which codon stands for which aminoacid.
1 aminoacid
1 aminoacid

9. GENETIC CODE =Gly G C U Even though there are only 20 amino acids
that exist, there are actually 64 possible
tRNA molecules:
4 X 4 X 4 = 64 possible combinations
1º NUCLEOTIDE
3º NUCLEOTIDE
=Gly
CODON
G C U
CODON
CODON
2º NUCLEOTIDE

10. GENETIC CODE (II)
The GENETIC CODE can be reffered as well to the DNA, as in this case.
How can you tell this GENETIC CODE reffers to DNA?
Why can it be reffered to the DNA?

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENETIC CODE
It can be reffered to DNA or RNA.
All living organisms share the same code.
It is UNIVERSAL.
We can “read” the DNA of a bacterium, a plant or a worm using the same code!! PROOF FOR EVOLUTION!!!
As there are ONLY 20 aminoacids but 64 possible codons
It is DEGENERATE
Each aminoacid has MORE than ONE codon!
There are codons that code for punctuation (START and STOP)

12. TRANSLATION LOADED tRNA COMPONENTS PRESENT IN THE PROCESS
Aminoacid carried
anticodon
codon
RIBOSOME
mRNA

13. TRANSLATION 1º AMINOACID: Methionine (AUG) in site P.
The newly made mRNA (transcription) leaves the nuceus and binds with the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
ONE codon is exposed at site P and another codon at site A
A tRNA with a complementary codon in its anticodon site will bind with the codon at site P, bringing an aminoacid.
1º AMINOACID:
Methionine (AUG) in site P.

14. TRANSLATION
Even though every protein begins with the Methionine amino acid, not all
proteins will ultimately have methionine at one end. If the "start"
methionine is not needed, it is removed before the new protein goes to
work (either inside the cell or outside the cell, depending on the type of
protein synthesized)

15. TRANSLATION PEPTIDIC BOND IS FORMED 2º AMINOACID:
Glycine (only in this case) in site A. A
PEPTIDIC BOND IS FORMED

16. TRANSLATION Growing polypeptide
NO aminoacid is added. Its the END of the polypeptide!
STOP codon

17. POLYSOMES

18. ANIMATION http://ncc.gmu.edu/dna/ANIMPROT.htm
CLIK here to view an animation of the whole process of translation!