1. Protein Synthesis

3. DNA: Captain of the Cell
DNA controls the cell by making the proteins the cell needs to do its job
DNA’s information is stored in sections called genes
Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins
DNA is used to make proteins in 2 steps: Transcription and Translation
The Central Dogma: how information in DNA moves from being stored to being used

4. The Central Dogma
DNA
RNA
Protein
Transcription
Translation

5. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Cytoplasm Nucleus Double Stranded Ribose
Deoxyribose
Adenine
Guanine
Guanine
Cytosine
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
Adenine

6. Transcription Transcription turns DNA into RNA
Uses messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry DNA’s message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
mRNA copies DNA’s instructions and carries the blueprint to ribosomes
Happens in the nucleus

7. Transcription Happens in 3 Steps DNA unzips in the area of 1 gene
One of the unzipped strands of DNA is used as a template to make mRNA
Cytosine—Guanine; Adenine—Uracil
Genetic code is written in groups of bases called codons
A codon codes for one amino acid
mRNA carries the new gene blueprint from the nucleus to a ribosome

9. Transcription 

10. Translation Translation turns RNA into a protein
mRNA lines up the first 2 codons with a ribosome
A specific tRNA molecule with 3 bases complementary to the mRNA bases and an amino acid floats in
The 3 complementary bases are called anticodons
While the first tRNA sits in the ribosome, another tRNA molecule bonds its amino acid to the first with a peptide bond

11. Translation
Process repeats until the whole mRNA has been translated into amino acids
Finished amino acid chain is a protein

13. The Central Dogma
DNA
Protein
Transcription
Translation
RNA

16. Protein Synthesis