1. How Genes Function 5B

2. Why are recipes useful in cooking?
What would happen if you changed things in the recipe?
Compare the process of making a cake to the production of cells in the human body?

3. Language of Genes
Nucleotides: building blocks of nucleic acids (5 different kinds – 4 kinds in DNA and 4 kinds in RNA)
Codons: 3 nucleotides
Genes: sets of codons make genes
Genes are necessary to make proteins.
During cell reproduction a complete copy is made of all genes and is given to each new organism

4. An organism's ability to manufacture proteins enables it to carry on its life processes.
Since what a cell can or cannot do depends upon enzymes, cells are controlled by enzymes, which are proteins.

5. a substance made of long chains of amino acids
protein
a substance made of long chains of amino acids

6. DNA is Coded Messages DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
1953 James d. Watson and Francis H.C. Crick - model for the structure of DNA

7. DNA looks like a twisted ladder
Double
Helix

8. DNA is made up of nucleotides

9. nucleotide - the basic structurial unit of DNA and RNA
Sugar
Phosphate
base

10. nucleotide - the basic structured unit of DNA and RNA
Sugar (deoxyribose) & Phosphate form the sides of the ladder
Bases form the rungs

11. DNA nucleotide bases
adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine

12. how bases pair up
A – T
C - G

13. genes are sections of DNA

14. replication - the process of forming 2 DNA molecules from 1 original DNA molecule

16. RNA- ribonucleic acid
messenger RNA (m-RNA): the RNA molecule that transports a coded message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
transfer RNA (t-RNA): the RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) makes up ribosomes and reads the code

17. How does RNA differ from DNA?
RNA has a single chain of nucleotides
base thymine is replaced by Uracil
Sugar is ribose

18. RNA nucleotide bases
adenine
guanine
uracil
cytosine

19. transcription- the process of forming messenger RNA from DNA
How is m-RNA made?
transcription- the process of forming messenger RNA from DNA

20. Protein Synthesis takes place in the ribosome
protein synthesis- the manufacturing of protein inside a cell