1. Let’s Review Who discovered the structure of DNA?
They declared it as a “________ _______”
When DNA copies itself, it is called ___________.
Make the complementary strand:
ATTCGCTACGAAT

2. Protein Synthesis

3. Central Dogma
The central dogma of molecular biology states:
DNA RNA Protein

4. I. How do chromosomes lead to specific traits?
A. Chromosomes are made of DNA
Segments of DNA code for a protein (genes)
A protein in turn, relates to a trait (examples: eye color, hair color, enzymes, hormones…)
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5. Structure and Function of RNA
Why is RNA needed?
Proteins are made by ribosomes outside the nucleus and DNA cannot leave the nucleus (it’s stuck) 
RNA is needed so that it can carry the genetic code needed for making proteins to the ribosomes

6. Structure and Function of RNA
What is RNA?
1) RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
a) the sugar in RNA is ribose

7. Structure and Function of RNA
b) RNA is single stranded
c) Uracil replaces Thymine as a nitrogenous base in RNA

8. Structure and Function of RNA
2) There are 3 kinds of RNA
a) r RNA - Ribosomal RNA
- makes up ribosomes
b) mRNA- messenger RNA
-carries the genetic code out of the nucleus to the ribosomes

9. Structure and Function of RNA
c) tRNA- Transfer RNA
- transfers amino acids to the ribosome in order to make proteins

10. Let’s Review Shoulder Partner Selector Face Partner
What are genes? What organelle makes proteins?
Why do we need RNA? What are three differences between RNA and DNA?

11. The RNA Code
II. RNA Code
a) mRNA carries the code for an amino acid in a series of 3 nucleotides (like DNA triplet)
 b) A group of 3 mRNA nucleotides is called a codon.

12. The RNA Code
  c) A group of 3 tRNA nucleotides is called an anti-codon (opposite of the codon)
ex. mRNA codon = UAG
tRNA anti-codon = AUC
d) The genetic code is universal - codons code for the same amino acids in all known life forms

13. Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is a two part process
1) Transcription (in the nucleus)
2) Translation (in the cytoplasm)

14. Let’s Review Selector Where does transcription happen?
Where does translation happen? What is a codon? Where is the anti codon?

15. Central Dogma
DNA RNA Protein
Transcription

16. Transcription III. Transcription - mRNA is copied from DNA Steps:
1) RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a promoter sequence & separates the strands
2) RNA nucleotides bond to the exposed bases on the DNA strand
3) Transcription continues until it reaches a termination sequence

17. Transcription

18. Transcription Let’s Practice:
Write this at the bottom of the second page of your notes. Transcribe the DNA
DNA – TATAGCCGATAGCTCCGTA
mRNA - AUAUCGGCUAUCGAGGCAU

19. Central Dogma
DNA RNA Protein
Translation

20. Translation Translation - mRNA is used to make protein Steps:
1) mRNA leaves the DNA in the nucleus and travels to a ribosome
2) the ribosome begin “translating” the mRNA into protein when it reaches a “start” codon

21. Translation
  3) the ribosome”translates” the mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that make up a specific protein
4) Translation continues until a “stop” codon is reached.

22. Translation

23. tRNA V. How do the Ribosome do their job? tRNA is the key
2) What is tRNA?
tRNA carries an amino
acid on one end. The
other end contains the
anti- codon (three
nitrogen bases) that will
match up with the mRNA
codon.

24. tRNA 3) tRNA molecules match their anti-codon to the mRNA codon
4)A protein is formed as tRNA’s release their amino acids which bond together to make a protein
(peptide bond)

25. tRNA
Protein
(amino acid chain)
Ribosome
mRNA

26. Amino Acids
All of the proteins in your body are made up of combinations of only 20 different amino acids linked together in different ways.
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27. How do we get proteins from genes (coding DNA)?
Let’s find out:

28. Amino Acids
Third Letter

29. AUGCUAAAGCGUGGUUCUUUGGCG
Let's Practice
Third Letter
Write the mRNA sequence on to the bottom of the third page of
the notes. Translate the mRNA into an amino acid sequence, using the chart above!
AUGCUAAAGCGUGGUUCUUUGGCG

30. AUG/CUA/AAG/CGU/GGU/UCU/UUG/GCG
Met – Leu – Lys – Arg – Gly – Ser – Leu - Ala

31. Review TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION (in the nucleus) 1. DNA helix opens
2. mRNA chain is copied from DNA
TRANSLATION
(in the cytoplasm)
1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
2. tRNA molecules carrying amino acids match anti-codon to mRNA codon
3. Amino acids are released and bonded together to make a protein.