1. Protein Synthesis

3. DNA: Captain of the Cell
DNA controls the cell by making the proteins the cell needs to do its job
DNA’s information is stored in sections called genes
Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins
DNA is used to make proteins in 2 steps: Transcription and Translation
The Central Dogma: how information in DNA moves from being stored to being used

4. The Central Dogma
DNA
RNA
Protein
Transcription
Translation

5. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Nucleus Cytoplasm Double Stranded Ribose
Deoxyribose
Thymine
Uracil
Guanine
Guanine
Adenine
Adenine
Cytosine
Cytosine

6. Transcription Transcription turns DNA into mRNA
Uses messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry DNA’s message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
mRNA copies DNA’s instructions and carries the blueprint to ribosomes

7. Transcription Happens in 3 Steps DNA unzips in the area of 1 gene
One of the unzipped strands of DNA is used as a template to make mRNA
RNA Polymerase initiates RNA synthesis on the template strand
Cytosine—Guanine; Adenine—Uracil
Genetic code is written in groups of 3 bases called codons
Each codon codes for 1 amino acid
mRNA carries the new gene blueprint from the nucleus to a ribosome

9. RNA Processing Happens between Transcription and Translation
mRNA code for a gene is significantly shorter than the DNA code for a gene
DNA has long sections of non-coding DNA called introns
Introns are removed from the transcribed mRNA, leaving only coding sequences called exons

10. Transcription 

11. Translation Translation turns mRNA into a protein
mRNA lines up the first 2 codons with a ribosome made of rRNA in the cytoplasm
tRNA are interpreters of the mRNA codon sequence
They have 3 bases that are complementary to the codons on mRNA called anticodons
Every tRNA also carries a specific amino acid
A tRNA carrying the amino acid coded for attaches to the first codon.
A second tRNA attaches and a peptide bond forms between the first 2 amino acids
The first tRNA detaches and the ribosome shifts down the mRNA

12. Translation
Process repeats until the whole mRNA has been translated into amino acids
Finished amino acid chain is a protein

16. The Central Dogma
DNA
Protein
Transcription
Translation
RNA

17. Protein Synthesis