1. Protein Synthesis-
the "STuff of Life"

3. DNA contains genes that determine the phenotype of an organism or "what we look like". DNA codes for the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are responsible for the phenotype or how genes are expressed.
Humans can make over 50,000 different types of proteins. Note- proteins are made of amino acids. They can exhibit primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. There are 20 different amino acids. The average protein is 400 A.A.

4. DNA
contains genes that determine the phenotype of an organism.
codes for the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are responsible for the phenotype or how genes are expressed.
Humans can make over 50,000 different types of proteins. Note- proteins are made of amino acids. They can exhibit primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. There are 20 different amino acids. The average protein is 400 A.A.

5. Uses of proteins-
-Enzymes (catalase)
-Structure (hair, nails)
-Antibodies
-Movement(muscle, flagella)
-Hormones (insulin)
-Carry gases (hemoglobin)
-Storage of amino acids (albumin)

6. The DNA that codes for the proteins is located in the nucleus but proteins are actually made in the cytoplasm. There must be a intermediate that can take the code (instructions) out to the cytoplasm so that the protein can be made.
RNA is the intermediate that takes the code out to the ribosome so that the protein can be made.

7. The DNA that codes for the proteins is located in the nucleus but proteins are actually made in the cytoplasm. RNA is the intermediate that takes the code out to the ribosome so that the protein can be made.

9. Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription (nucleus)
DNA--->RNA
2. Translation (cytoplasm and ribosomes)
RNA--->Protein

10. Notes RNA
There are different types of RNA
-mRNA carries the information from the DNA gene to the cytoplasm. Determines the sequence of amino acids for a protein

11. tRNA-brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome and mRNA in translation
rRNA-found on ribosomes and used to "connect" the mRNA to the tRNA.

13. Notes-There are different types of RNA
-mRNA carries the information from the DNA gene to the cyto-plasm. Determines the sequence of amino acids for a protein
-tRNA-brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome and mRNA in translation
-rRNA-found on ribosomes and used to "connect" the mRNA to the tRNA.

14. Amino acids are coded for by a triplet of DNA nucleotides called a codon. Since DNA code is transcribed into mRNA, the genetic code in books are described in terms of mRNA codons.

18. Amino acids are coded for by a triplet of DNA nucleotides called a codon.
Notes on codons
1. There are 64 codons-61 code for 20 amino acids. There is "redundancy" in the code or more than one codon codes for the same amino acid.
2. 3 codons code for "stop“
3. One codes for "start" and also methonine.

19. Below is a hypothetical gene on a piece of DNA.

20. When it is transcribed into RNA, it will read

21. The gene is designating that the following peptide chain be made with the amino acids in that particular order (Which side of the DNA molecule codes for the gene?)