1. Chapter 4 Section 3 &4
Objectives
Describe the conditions under which enslaved Africans came to the Americas.
Explain why slavery became part of the colonial economy.
Identify the restrictions placed on enslaved Africans in the colonies.
Describe how African culture influenced American culture.

2. racism – the belief that one race is superior or inferior to another
Terms and People
triangular trade – a three-way trade between the colonies, the islands of the Caribbean, and Africa
racism – the belief that one race is superior or inferior to another
slave codes – strict laws that restricted the rights and activities of slaves

5. How did slavery develop in the colonies and affect colonial life?
Spanish and Portuguese settlers were the first to bring enslaved Africans to the Americas.
Slavery spread to the colonies of other European countries, where it became a regular part of trade and provided cheap labor to Southern plantations.

6. The British, Dutch, and French entered the slave trade.
In time, English colonists—especially from New England—were actively shipping enslaved Africans across the Atlantic.

7. More than 10 million enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas between the 1500s and the 1800s.
Slave traders set up posts along the African coast.
Africans who lived on the coast made raids into the interior, seeking captives to sell to the Europeans.
Half of the captives died on forced marches to the coast, some of which were as long as 300 miles.
Once they arrived at the coasts, captives were traded for guns and other goods.
Then they were sent across the Atlantic Ocean on a brutal voyage known as the Middle Passage.

8. To increase their profits, some slave-ship captains crammed the maximum number of captives on board.
As a result of the foul conditions, 15 to 20 percent of enslaved Africans died or committed suicide during the Middle Passage.

9. In the Americas, healthy enslaved Africans were auctioned off, and families often were separated.
About 500,000 enslaved Africans ended up in British North America.

10. By about 1700, slave traders in the British colonies had developed a regular routine, known as the triangular trade.

11. Triangular Trade First Leg
New England traders sailed to the Caribbean islands, where they traded fish and lumber for sugar and molasses.
The ships then sailed back to New England, where colonists used the sugar and molasses to make rum.
Second Leg
New England traders sailed to West Africa, where they traded rum and guns for slaves.
Third Leg
New England traders then sailed to the Caribbean islands, where they traded slaves for more molasses.

12. $ $ $
Although the triangular trade was illegal under the Navigation Acts, many New England merchants violated the rules because it made them wealthy. $ $ $ $

13. The first enslaved Africans in the colonies may have been treated as servants, and some eventually were freed.
But as the need for cheap labor grew, colonies made slavery permanent.
Some colonies tried to ban slavery, but it eventually became legal in all the colonies.

14. The plantation system led the southern economy to depend on slavery.
Why did slavery take root in the colonies?
The plantation system led the southern economy to depend on slavery.
Planters preferred slaves because while indentured servants were freed after their terms were over, slaves were slaves for life.

15. Most English colonists thought they were superior to Africans.
Not every African in America was a slave, but slavery came to be restricted to people of African descent, and slavery was thus linked to racism.
Most English colonists thought they were superior to Africans.
They thought it was their duty to convert Africans to Christianity and European ways.
There were so many slaves in the colonies that whites began to worry about slave revolts.
The first serious slave revolt took place in 1663 in Gloucester, Virginia, and others soon followed.
Colonists
Enslaved Africans

16. Colonial authorities wrote slave codes that said enslaved people could not:
meet in large numbers or own weapons.
leave a plantation without permission.
learn to read and write.
Slave codes also said that masters who killed slaves could not be tried for murder.

17. The new codes did not stop resistance.
In 1739, 20 white colonists were killed during a slave revolt in South Carolina.
Revolts continued to flare up until slavery itself ended in 1865.
Slave Codes

18. Lives of Enslaved Africans
In the North
Only 10 percent of the enslaved population lived north of Maryland.
Northern slaves worked as blacksmiths, house servants, or farm laborers.
Over time, they might buy their freedom.
In the South
On rice plantations in South Carolina, slaves kept the customs of West Africa.
They made African grass baskets and spoke Gullah, a dialect that blended English and several African languages.

19. ♪ ♫ African culture influenced American culture:
Craftsworkers in cities used African styles of quilts, furniture, and other objects.
African drums and banjos became part of American music.
African folk tales became part of American culture. ♪ ♫

20. Section 4
Objectives
Describe the education colonial children received.
Summarize the development of poetry and literature in colonial America.
Explain how the Great Awakening affected the colonies.
Explain how the colonies were affected by the spread of new ideas.

21. public schools – schools supported by taxes
Terms and People
public schools – schools supported by taxes
dame schools – schools that women opened in their homes to teach girls and boys to read and write
Anne Bradstreet – the first colonial poet
Phillis Wheatley – America’s first poet of African descent
Benjamin Franklin – a colonial writer, scientist, inventor, businessman, community leader, and diplomat

22. Jonathan Edwards – a Massachusetts preacher who was a leader in the Great Awakening
natural rights – rights that belong to every human being from birth
divine right – the belief that monarchs get their authority to rule directly from God
separation of powers – division of the power of government into separate branches

23. How did ideas about religion and government influence colonial life?
The Enlightenment informed colonists’ ideas about the structure of government and the rights of citizens.
The Great Awakening, one of the first national movements in the colonies, reinforced democratic ideas.

24. The Puritans passed laws that required towns of a certain size to open schools.
These Massachusetts laws were the beginning of public schools in America.
Puritan schools were run with both private and public money.
Puritan education laws were not completely compulsory.
School Attendance
Some towns paid a fine rather than set up a school.
Laws that required all children to attend school did not begin until the late 1800s.

25. Colonial Schools Religion
In the 1600s, most schools were under religious sponsorship, and they provided instruction in religion.
Elementary Schools
Colonial elementary schools taught reading, writing, and arithmetic.
Children learned from hornbooks and from a 1680s reading book called the New England Primer.
Southern Schools
There were few schools in the South, so the gentry often hired private tutors to teach their children.
Poor children often received no formal education at all.

26. Some girls attended colonial elementary schools, while others went to dame schools. A Dame school was an early form of a private elementary school in English-speaking countries. They were usually taught by women and were often located in the home of the teacher.

27. Most schools were restricted to white children, but one New York school taught free African Americans, Native Americans, and poor whites.
Some Quaker and Anglican missionaries taught enslaved people to read.
After that was outlawed, some enslaved people taught themselves, while others passed on their knowledge in secret.

28. Higher Education Grammar Schools
Some boys went on to grammar schools, which prepared them for college.
Grammar schools taught Greek, Latin, geography, mathematics, and English composition.
Colleges
The first American colleges were founded largely to educate men for the ministry.
Harvard University (1638) was the first college in the English colonies.
The College of William and Mary (1693) was the first college in the South.

29. The earliest forms of colonial literature were sermons and histories.
Phillis Wheatley
Anne Bradstreet published a book of poetry in 1650.
Phillis Wheatley, an enslaved African in Boston, saw her first poem published in the 1760s.

30. At age 17, Benjamin Franklin started the Pennsylvania Gazette, which became the most widely read newspaper in the colonies.
Franklin also wrote Poor Richard’s Almanack (1733–1753) and a vivid autobiography.
Franklin eventually became one of the founders of the United States.

31. The Great Awakening Time Period
An emotion-packed Christian movement called the Great Awakening swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.
Causes
By the 1700s, religious rules had become less strict in many of the colonies.
The Great Awakening began as a reaction against what some Christians saw as a decline of religious zeal in the colonies.
Leaders
Jonathan Edwards wrote a famous sermon called Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.
English minister George Whitefield made several tours of the colonies.

32. more tolerance of religious differences in the colonies.
The Great Awakening led to:
more tolerance of religious differences in the colonies.
the rise of many new churches, such as the Methodists and the Baptists.
the split of many churches, such as the Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, and Congregational churches.

33. These thinkers believed all problems could be solved by human reason.
Starting in the late 1600s, a group of European thinkers started an intellectual movement called the Enlightenment.
These thinkers believed all problems could be solved by human reason.
The Enlightenment reached its height in the mid-1700s in France.

34. In 1690, an Englishman named John Locke published the influential work Two Treatises on Government.
In this work, Locke argued that people have certain inalienable natural rights that include life, liberty, and property.

35. Locke challenged the idea of divine right, arguing instead that God grants natural rights to the people.
Divine Right
Natural Rights
Where does the right to govern come from?
From God to the ruler
From the people
Where do people’s rights come from?
From the ruler
From God to the people
What happens if a government violates people’s rights?
People must obey ruler
People can change their government

36. Locke wrote that people formed governments in order to protect their rights.
If a monarch violates those rights, the people have a right to overthrow the monarch.
Monarch
The People
This idea would later shape the founding of the United States.

37. A French thinker, the Baron de Montesquieu, also influenced American ideas.
In his 1748 book, The Spirit of the Laws, he argued for separation of powers in government.
He said separation of powers keeps any one person or group from gaining too much power.

38. Montesquieu suggested that government should be divided into three branches:
executive
judicial
legislative
This division of power became the basis of government in the United States.

39. Chapter Summary
Section 1: Governing the Colonies
Because of their common English heritage, all English colonies believed that citizens had political rights, including the right to representative government. Their common heritage also included adherence to the theory of mercantilism, but some colonists began to question that theory when Parliament passed the Navigation Acts.

40. Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 2: Colonial Society
In the English colonies, there was an emphasis on family and hard work. Men worked farms, held jobs, and participated in government. Women kept house and had little or no role in public life. There was more equality among people in the colonies than there was in England, but the colonies still had many class distinctions.

41. Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 3: Slavery in the Colonies
By about 1700, slave traders in the colonies had developed the triangular trade. Slaves were captured in Africa and shipped across the Atlantic on a brutal voyage called the Middle Passage. Permanent slavery took root in the colonies, especially in the South. Slave revolts scared colonists into writing slave codes.

42. Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 4: The Spread of New Ideas
Laws that required schools in Massachusetts were the beginning of public schools in America. The earliest forms of colonial literature were sermons, histories, and poetry. The Great Awakening reinforced democratic ideas, while the Enlightenment informed colonists’ ideas about the structure of government and the rights of citizens.