1. 13/11/2018
Environment
W Richards
Worthing High School

2. Adaptation
13/11/2018
Organisms are ADAPTED to the habitat they live in. In other words, they have special features that help them to survive. Some examples:

3. 13/11/2018

4. 13/11/2018

5. 13/11/2018

6. Competition
13/11/2018
Any living species competes with each other. They may compete for:
Get off my land
- Living space
- Food
- Water
In addition to this competition, the population of a species can be affected by predators, disease, migration etc
Yum!

7. Predators and Prey
13/11/2018
A PREDATOR is an animal that hunts and eats another animal
The PREY is the animal it eats, for example…
Hey! I ordered a steak
Prey
Predator
Consider the populations of these two animals over time:
Population of animal
Time
Rabbit
Fox

8. Food chains
13/11/2018
A food chain shows where the energy goes in a food chain (in other words, “what gets eaten by what”):
Rabbit
Cabbage
Fox
Stoat
The arrows indicate where the energy is going
Plants convert the sun’s energy into food

9. Pyramids of biomass
13/11/2018
In this food chain we can see that the mass of organisms in each stage is less than in the previous stage:
Cabbage
Rabbit
Stoat
Fox
We can draw a “Pyramid of Biomass” to show this pattern:
Mass of foxes
Mass of stoats
Mass of rabbits
Mass of cabbages

10. Energy flow in a food chain
13/11/2018
Consider the energy flow in this food chain:
100%
10% 1%
0.1%
Cabbage
Rabbit
Stoat
Fox
Clearly, not all of the ___’s energy that becomes stored in the _______ will end up in the fox. Only around ______ is passed on to the next stage in each food chain.
Energy is lost at each stage because of a number of reasons:
Each organism has to ____, keep warm etc
Energy is lost through faeces (______)
Words – 10%, move, sun, waste, lettuce

11. Improving the efficiency of a food chain
13/11/2018
Clearly, food chains aren’t very efficient. How could the efficiency of a food chain be improved?
1) Reduce the number of stages in the chain:
Fox
Rabbit
Cabbage
Stoat
2) Limit an animal’s movement or keep it warm:
3) Use plant hormones to regulate the ripening of fruit

12. Recycling ourselves Eating Waste Death Absorption Broken down
13/11/2018
Eating
Waste
Death
Absorption
Broken down
Microbes are the key to this – they break down waste and dead bodies so that the products can be used by plants for growth. Microbes work best in warm, moist conditions where there is plenty of oxygen.

13. The Carbon Cycle CO2 in air 2. Plants release CO2 through respiration
13/11/2018
2. Plants release CO2 through respiration
6. These microbes also release CO2 through respiration
CO2 in air
1. CO2 is taken in by plants for photosynthesis and turned into carbohydrates
4. Animals release CO2 through respiration
5. Animals (and plants) die and their remains are fed on by microbes
3. The carbon taken in by plants is then eaten by animals

14. The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrates in the soil
13/11/2018
Nitrates in the soil
4. Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium compounds into NITRATES
1. Plants absorb nitrogen in the form of NITRATES
Waste and dead animals
Plants
Animals
3. Microbes break down waste products and dead animals and plants to form AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
2. Plants are then eaten by animals – the nitrogen becomes PROTEIN

15. Population and Pollution
13/11/2018
Population
Time
The human population is growing exponentially:
This has a number of effects on the environment:
Farming –
less land available for crops
Building –
more buildings needed
Bigger population means…
Quarrying and mining –
raw materials and sources of energy are being used up
Waste –
more waste needs to be disposed of

16. Pollution Humans pollute the Earth in a number of ways:
13/11/2018
Humans pollute the Earth in a number of ways:
Water – with sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals
Air – with smoke or gases such as sulphur dioxide
Land – with toxic chemicals, pesticides and waste
Acid rain
NO, NO2 and CO
These gases produce acid rain (which affects tress and buildings) and worsens the greenhouse effect
Power stations produce CO2, SO2 and NO2
Cars produce NO, NO2 and CO

17. The Greenhouse Effect We get heat from the sun:
13/11/2018
We get heat from the sun:
A lot of this heat is _______ back into space.
However, most of it is kept inside the Earth by a layer of gases that prevent the heat escaping by _______ and then re-radiating it back again.
This is called the _________ Effect. It has always been around, but is currently being made worse due to:
Burning (releasing CO2)
__________ (removing trees that remove CO2)
Increased micro organism activity (from rotting ______)
Cattle and rice fields (they both produce _______)
These changes will cause GLOBAL WARMING and RISING SEA LEVELS
Words – methane, radiated, absorbing, deforestation, waste, greenhouse

18. Eutrophication
13/11/2018
Yet another example of pollution, eutrophication is when lakes become stagnant due to careless use of fertiliser. There are six steps:
1) Inorganic fertilisers used on fields are washed into the lake
3) This growth causes overcrowding and many plants die due to lack of enough light or food
2) The fertiliser causes increased growth in water plants

19. Eutrophication Can’t…breathe…
13/11/2018
4) Microorganisms and bacteria increase in number due to the extra dead material
6) The lack of oxygen causes the death of fish and other aquatic animals
Can’t…breathe…
5) These microorganisms use up the oxygen in the lake during respiration

20. Eutrophication
13/11/2018
4) Microorganisms and bacteria increase in number due to the extra dead material
6) The lack of oxygen causes the death of fish and other aquatic animals
5) These microorganisms use up the oxygen in the lake during respiration

21. Sustainable Development
13/11/2018
Sustainable development is all about preserving the world for tomorrow. There are three main strands:
Economic development
Social development
Environmental protection
Examples of sustainable development include:
Replanting trees after chopping them down
Limiting the number of fish allowed in a catch
Protecting endangered species