1. EVOLUTION VOCAB Chapter 14 & 16
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2. Differences among individuals within a species
Change in a population over time; also change in the relative frequency of alleles in a gene pool
evolution
Differences among individuals
within a species
Natural variation

3. Homologous structures
Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms
Homologous structures
Organ with little or no function
that was functional in an
ancestor species
Vestigial organ

4. Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve
The selection and breeding by humans of animals with certain useful traits from the natural variation in the population
Artificial selection
Process by which unrelated
organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to
similar environments
Convergent evolution

5. Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment
fitness
Inherited characteristic that
increases and organism’s chances
for survival
adaptation

6. Preserved remains of an ancient organism fossil
Islands that Darwin visited on his
voyage on the Beagle that started
him thinking about how organisms
change over time
Galapagos

7. Descent with Modifications
Concept that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time
Descent with Modifications
Idea that organisms that are
best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce
Survival of the Fittest

8. Traits controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic trait
Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments
Adaptive radiation OR Divergent evolution

9. Book published by Charles Darwin in which he proposed a mechanism
Trait controlled by a single gene
Single gene trait
Book published by Charles Darwin
in which he proposed a mechanism
and provided evidence for his
Theory of Evolution
“The Origin of Species”

10. Natural selection is also known as ______________
The idea that all species, living and extinct, were derived from a common ancestor
Common descent
Natural selection is also known as
______________
Survival of the fittest

11. Alfred Wallace French naturalist who hypothesized
Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to
publish his ideas about evolution by
writing an essay that described similar
ideas.
Alfred Wallace
French naturalist who hypothesized
that organisms acquire traits during
their lifetime through use or disuse
which can be passed on to offspring
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

12. James Hutton & Charles Lyell
2 geologists who recognized that Earth is many millions of years old and that processes that changed it still operate today
James Hutton & Charles Lyell
English economist who reasoned that if the human population kept growing unchecked, there would be insufficient food and space for everyone
Thomas Malthus

13. A change in a DNA sequence caused by a mistake in DNA replication or exposure to radiation or chemicals
mutation
Changes in the allele frequency in a small population that are due to random chance and don’t follow the laws of probability
Genetic drift

14. All the genes, including all the different alleles, in a population
Gene pool
A situation in which the allele
frequencies in a population do NOT
change and the population does NOT EVOLVE
Genetic equilibrium

15. Stabilizing selection
The effect of natural selection when individuals near the center of a normal curve of distribution have higher fitness than those at the extremes
Stabilizing selection
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16. Directional selection
The effect of natural selection when individuals at one end of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end
Directional selection
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17. The effect of natural selection when individuals at the extreme ends of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than those near the center of the curve
Disruptive selection
Image from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

18. A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population
Trait controlled by two or more genes
polygenic
A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population
A possible explanation for a set of
observations or a possible answer
to a scientific problem
evolution
hypothesis

19. A change in allele frequencies due to the migration of a small subgroup of a population to a new place
Founder effect
Idea that allele frequency will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies
to change
Hardy-Weinberg Principle

20. A trait controlled by a single gene with two alleles
Single gene trait
The number of times a certain allele occurs in a gene pool
compared to the number of times
other alleles for the same gene occur
Relative frequency

21. A well supported, testable explanation of observed natural phenomena
THEORY
Another name for competition for
resources
Struggle for existence

22. Another name for adaptive radiation
Divergent evolution
Another name for natural selection
Struggle for existence

23. James Hutton & Charles Lyell
NAME THE SCIENTISTS WHO . . .
They proposed that the Earth has changed over millions of years and the processes that caused the change are still happening
James Hutton & Charles Lyell

24. Godfrey Hardy and WilhelmWeinberg
NAME THE SCIENTISTS WHO . . .
English mathematician and German physician who proposed the principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change and developed an equation to predict the frequency of alleles in a population
Godfrey Hardy and WilhelmWeinberg

25. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
NAME THE SCIENTIST WHO . . .
French naturalist who proposed the idea that
characteristics could be acquired or lost by their
“use or disuse” during an organism’s lifetime and that
these traits could be passed on to offspring.
English economist who reasoned that if the human
population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later
there would be insufficient food and living space.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Thomas Malthus

26. Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to
NAME THE SCIENTIST WHO . . .
Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to
publish his ideas about evolution by
writing an essay that described similar
ideas.
Alfred Wallace
Proposed the idea that populations change over time as a result of competition for available resources in which individuals with the characteristics best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce
Charles Darwin

27. THE END