1. Vision problems
Astigmatism : irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens, which lead to blurred or distorted vision due to parts of the image are out of focus.

2. Vision problems
Astigmatism : irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens, which lead to blurred or distorted vision due to parts of the image are out of focus.

3. Accommodation and parasympathetic
The pupil near reflex

4. Pupillary Adjustment

5. Pupillary Adjustment

6. light-near dissociation

7. light-near dissociation
Adie’s tonic pupil
Damage to the dorsal mid-brain (tectal area) around the cerebral aqueduct “but not the E W nucleus”
Stroke
Meningitis
Tumor
Neurosyphilis
Diabetic neuropathy
Demyelination (MS)
Dorsal midbrain syndrome
(Parinaud's Syndrome)

8. Visual acuity
Ability to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart

9. Visual acuity
Ability to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart
snellen eye chart
Jaeger eye chart

10. Visual acuity
Ability to separate contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart
Jaeger eye chart

11. Pupillary Light Reflex

12. Olivary pretectal nucleus
Edinger-Westphal
nucleus

13. relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)

14. relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)
swinging-flashlight test

15. relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)

16. relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)
Usually before the chiasm problem
Retinal detachment
Ischemic retina
Optic nerve : ischemia ,compression neuritis , recovered neuritis … etc
diabetic retinopathy
Demyelination (MS)
Unilateral Optic track lesion
Unilateral mid brain lesion

17. Anisocoria

18. Anisocoria Efferent pathway or the eye it self Adie’s tonic pupil
One side Dorsal midbrain syndrom
Horner syndrome

19. Photoreceptors
Cones
Rods

20. Photoreceptors
Cones
Rods

22. Color Blindness

23. Color Blindness
Red-green color blindness

24. Color Blindness
Red-green color blindness
X linked

25. Color Blindness Red-green color blindness X linked
Deuteranope >>> green
Protanope >>> red

29. Color Blindness Red-green color blindness Color test chart X linked
Deuteranope >>> green
Protanope >>> red
Color test chart

30. Color Test Chart VS

31. Color Test Chart
42 VS “green” / 2 “red”

32. Rinne and Weber Tests

33. Rinne’s test

34. Weber’s test