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Cell Notes Biology A
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History of the Cell Robert Hooke Leeuwenhoek Schleiden Schwann Virchow
Discovered the cell, by looking at cork Leeuwenhoek Discovered bacterial cells Also invented the first good microscope Schleiden Discovered plant cells Schwann Discovered animal cells Virchow Discovered that cells only come from existing cells Brown Discovered the nucleus!
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Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function Cells are produced only from other living cells ** These observations were made from Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow
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Prokaryotic Cells Lived at least 4.6 billion years ago
Single-celled (unicellular) that lack a nucleus and any organelles Genetic material does not have a membrane Very small Example: bacteria cells
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Eukaryotic Cells Have a Nucleus and organelles (mini organ)
Genetic material has a membrane around it Not as old as prokaryotic cells Can be unicellular or multicellular (more than 1 cell) Example: plant, animal, fungi and protist cells Remember cells are in the organization of life: Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
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Why are cells so small? Needed materials must be able to be transported inside the cell Waste materials must be able to be transported out of the cell Smaller cells are more efficient because they have a better surface area to volume ratio Some cells may live together in a connected group – COLONY
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane) Plant Animal Prokaryotic Lipid bilayer – polar heads and nonpolar tails Allows materials in and out of cell
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Plant Animal Tunnel with ribosomes (dots); is connected to the nucleus Transports protein to the golgi apparatus
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Plant Animal Tubular with no ribosomes, connected to RER and nucleus Makes lipids
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Vesicle Plant Animal Small sac-like; circular Carries proteins from RER to the Golgi apparatus
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All cells Have ribosomes
Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Ribosome Plant Animal Prokaryotic Small dots – found bound to RER or free in the cytoplasm Makes proteins by combining amino acids through condensation reactions All cells Have ribosomes
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Nucleus Plant Animal Large and central; has a membrane; contains chromosomes and a nucleolus Control center of the cell
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Nuclear Envelope or Nuclear Membrane Plant Animal Surrounds nucleus Allows RNA and protein in and out of the nucleus
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Nucleolus Plant Animal Inside nucleus Makes ribosomes
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Chromosomes – other forms are chromatin or chromatid Plant Animal Prokaryotic (circular) Inside nucleus; looks like a ball of yarn, little lines or an X Passes genes from parent to offspring
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Cytoplasm Plant Animal Prokaryotic Jellylike fluid – cytosol; contains cytoskeleton Holds organelles
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Mitochondria Plant Animal Small sausage shaped with squiggly lines called cristae Supplies cell with ATP energy through cellular respiration (transfers energy)
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chlorophyll Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like
Function in Cell (job) Chloroplast ( type of plastid) Only plant cells Green bean shaped with stacks of thylakoids inside Photosynthesis (uses light energy to make glucose from CO2 and H20) chlorophyll
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Golgi Apparatus (Golgi complex, golgi body) Plant Animal Stacked pancakes Receives protein from vesicles and packages them up to be distributed out of the cell
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Cell Wall Only Plant cells Prokaryotic (made of something different) Made of cellulose (polysaccharide) Protection of plant cell
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Peroxisome Plant Animal Small sac-like; circular Detoxifies cells
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Contains Digestive enzymes
Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Lysosome Animal cells only Small sac-like; circular Breaks down macromolecules; recycles organelles Contains Digestive enzymes
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Long threads hollow Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like
Function in Cell (job) Cytoskeleton Plant Animal Prokaryotic Long lines in cytoplasm Allows organelles to move in the cell hollow Long threads
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Centrioles Animal cells only 2 Microtubules arranged in a circle Helps with mitosis
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Vacuole Animal Plant but larger in plants (central vacuole) Big sac Storage of food, water, waste, pigments and enzymes
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Cilia Animal cells only Little hairs movement
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Organelle Plant, Animal or Both? Looks like Function in Cell (job) Flagella Animal cells Prokaryotic Long hairs movement
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Cell Membrane Centriole Cytoplasm Vacuole RER Nucleus Nucleolus SER Nuclear Membrane Free Ribosomes Lysosome Golgi Body Mitochondria
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Cytoplasm Cell Wall Peroxisome Cell Membrane Central Vacuole Nucleus RER Nucleolus SER Nuclear Membrane Free Ribosomes Chloroplast Mitochondria Golgi Body
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