1. Nationalism, Challenges & Reality
Mid-19th Century Europe

2. Mid - Late 1800s Big Ideas
1848 revolts collapsed >> Conservative ↑↑
Crimean War ends Concert of Europe & spurs instability and change
Italian unification by war & diplomacy
German unification by war, led by OVB
Changes in Austria, France & Russia
Victorian Age of GB: Disraeli & Gladstone
Ireland ??

3. French Republic >> 2nd Empire
Louis Napoleon was astute
Unrest, revolts… Leadership needed
Built favor with the French people
Sought change, got Δ piece by piece
Asked, seized power, gave back, got the vote!
Became Emperor Napoleon III 1852
Near full control: Law, $, Military

4. Louis Napoleon aka Napoleon III
Domestic Successes:
Industrialized: Subsidized & invested
Built up infrastructure, industry, benefits
Modernized: Redesigned Paris
Baron Haussmann:
Streets, Parks, Modern
Liberalized:
Trade Union rights
Government inclusion

5. Louis Napoleon aka Napoleon III… The French loved him until…
Foreign Failures:
Mexico:
Troops sent & installed Archduke Maximillien as “emperor”
Withdrew troops, Max executed!
France humiliated!!  
Prussia:
Baited into war with Prussia – LOST! Paris occupied = Humiliated again = ousted!

6. Ottoman Empire at its “MAX”

7. Crimean War (1853 – 56) Root Causes Realities Outcomes
R expansion v. GB trade
Holy Places Q = F v. R
Realities
R occupies OE lands
OE / GB / F vs. R
Bloody, Poorly fought
Outcomes
Ends Concert of Europe
R loses land & prestige / Black Sea
Political Instability

8. Crimea >> Ottoman Empire Reforms
Hatti-I Sharif >> Tanzimat (reform) Era
More Legal Equality
Hatti-i Hϋmayun
Euro ideas in OE
Equal rights / duty
Power struggles
Balkan Wars 1870s
Lost Land >> modernization
Rise of Young Turks 1908
↑↑ Secularization divides / weakens OE

9. Italian Unification… in phases
Romantic Republicans
Ineffective secret societies 1830s-40s
Carbonari (N) = Middle Class
No peasant support
Giuseppe Mazzini = Young Italy
Poor, Republican, anti-RCC
Guerilla Warfare >> fear!
Moderates seek Papal Leadership 1848
Pope Pius IX … failed Roman Republic 
Leadership vacuum… now what?

10. Italian Unification Machiavellian Style
Camillo Cavour ($)
PM Piedmont
Economic Nationalism
Piedmont v. Austria
Supports F / GB in Crimea
Def. Austria = Land
Sardinia-Piedmont controls N. Italy… next?

11. Italian Unification… final phases
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Red Shirts… rebels!
Sicily >> Naples
Unification
Sicily + Naples + P-S = Italy!
King Victor Emmanuel II
Venice + Rome… join
Realities… Transformismo = corruption
N =$$, modern, industry
S = poor, backward, rural

12. The German “Problem” 1850s Who is to rule the German speaking peoples?
“Kleindeutsch” v.
“Grossdeutsch” solutions
Prussia? Austria?
Prussia
German
Confed.
Austria

13. German Unification 1848 unification attempts by liberals failed
Zollverein = trade union G together $$
Otto von Bismarck = Prussian Chancellor
Conservative
Unify by eliminating Austrian influence
Provoked WAR to unify: “Kleindeutsch”
Danish War: A+P v D >> Schleswig- Holstein
Austro-Prussian War >> Treaty of Prague
Annexes northern kingdoms
Franco-Prussian War… Pr + southern German States v F >> Alsace
Germany! OVB 1st Chancellor of 2nd Reich

14. Germany Created 1871!

15. Hapsburg Austria 1800s

16. Changes in Habsburg Austria
Multi-ethnic Austrian Empire
Magyars (Hungarians) seek recognition & power
Emperor tries to change… Magyars reject changes…
Austrian defeats >> concessions lead to dual kingdom (A – H)
Other minorities (Czech, Slovaks, etc.) want change, rejected by A
↑↑ Discontent inside the empire

17. Changes in Russia
Russia behind, no industrialism… Crimean War = exposed, lost prestige abroad & at home >> “Autocratic absolutism…”
Alexander II >> reformer… Emancipation of serfs 1861… new courts, limited freedoms ∆s in military…assassinated 
Alexander III >> oppressive, autocratic… secret police, limited freedom of press…

18. Changes in Great Britain
Parliamentary Monarchy… liberal or conservative?
Queen Victoria… Victorian England… Etiquette, Empire
Reforms… 2nd Reform Act = increase suffrage
Benjamin Disraeli…conservative
William Gladstone… liberal
Irish Question… home rule?

19. Karl Marx & Marxism Educated, atheist, angry
Critic of Industrial Revolution
Capitali$m creates ≠ & poverty
Dialectic = Δ via struggle
Modern World = Class Struggle, Bourgeoisie v Proletariat
═ ONLY by violent REVOLT!
Proletariat must rise to get MEANS of PRODUCTION
Dictatorship of Proletariat, then
Communism = classless society

20. Charles Darwin: Organic Evolution
HMS Beagle naturalist
Natural Selection theory
Origin of Species, 1859
Evolution via struggle for existence = adaptation = Survival of the fittest
Descent of Man 1871 = Animal > Man
Man’s Purpose? Creation? Controversy?
Can this idea be applied to society?

21. Science Grows! Medicine develops!
Joseph Lister: Germ Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur: Bacteria
Pasteurization v Vaccine development
Robert Koch: Bacteria Theory of disease
Improved medical practice, public health
Also…
Science applied to society: Auguste Comte
Positivism: Science is #1, Sociology tops!

22. Realism: Literature
Novel, Prose, Real Life characters & story lines of the time
Social Commentary via the story
Charles Dickens:
Hard Times, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist
William Thackery:
Vanity Fair
Gustave Flaubert:
Madame Bovary

23. Realism: Art of Everyday Life
G. Courbet (F)
Stonebreakers
J-M Millet (F)
Gleaners
Daily struggles
Action shown

24. Era Summary
Nationalism continues to rise & leads to conflict + unification + new nations
Old Order is being challenged
By People & Ideas… Marx! Darwin!
Victorian Age = GB is #1 Power & $$$
Advancements in science spur improved health & living conditions
And there is MORE to come!!!!