1. Toxicology
Drug Poisioning

3. Principles of treatment of poisoning
ABCD of poisoning treatment
A: Airway, B: Breathing, C: Circulation, D: Dextrose
Diagnosis; history, exam, investigations
Prevention of absorption of the poison:
Skin, GIT (Emesis, G lavage, Activated Charcoal)
Enhancing elimination of toxins by:
Haemodialysis or alteration of urinary pH
Specific antidote

4. After administering oxygen, obtaining intravenous access, and placing the patient on a cardiac monitor,the poisoned patient with altered mental status should be considered for administration of the “coma cocktail” as possibly diagnostic and therapeutic.
The “coma cocktail” consists of intravenous dextrose to treat hypoglycemia, a possible toxicological cause of altered mental status,

5. Acetaminophen toxicity
Acetaminophen produces toxicity when its usual metabolic pathways
become saturated.
acetaminophen undergoes metabolism by sulfation, glucuronidation, and N-hydroxylation.
When a toxic amount of acetaminophen metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system to a hepatotoxic metabolite (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, NAPQI).
In therapeutic acetaminophen ingestions, the liver generates glutathione, which detoxifies NAPQI.

7. In overdose, the glutathione is depleted, leaving the metabolite to produce toxicity.
The antidote for acetaminophen toxicity, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), initially works as a glutathione precursor and glutathione substitute and assists with sulfation.
NAC is the most effective when initiated 8 to 10 hours postingestion.

8. Methanol toxicity

9. Ethylene glycol toxicity

10. Carbon monoxide (CO)

11. Antidots

12. Drug Interactions Polypharmacy Beneficial Harmful
1.Pharmaceutical drug interactions:
Serious loss of potency can occur from incompatibility between an infusion fluid and a drug that
is added to it.

13. B) Pharmacokinetic drug interactions:
1) Interaction during absorption: Drugs may interact in the gastrointestinal tract resulting in either decreased or increased absorption.
e.g. Tetracycline + Calcium → Decreased absorption of tetracycline.
2) Interaction during distribution: A drug which is extensively bound to plasma protein can be displaced from its binding sites by another drug or displacement from other tissue binding
sites.
e.g. Sulfonamide can be displaced by salicylates from plasma proteins and it leads to sulfonamide toxicity.

14. 3) Interactions during biotransformation: This can be explained by two mechanisms:
(i) Enzyme induction.
(ii) Enzyme inhibition.
(i) Enzyme induction: By this the biotransformation of drugs is accelerated and is a cause of
therapeutic failure. If the drug A is metabolized by the microsomal enzymes, then concurrent
administration with a microsomal inducer (drug B) will result in enhanced metabolism of drug
e.g. Warfarin (anticoagulant) + Barbiturate (enzyme inducer) → decreased anticoagulation.
(ii) Enzyme inhibition: By this the biotransformation of drugs is delayed and is a cause of
increased intensity, duration of action and some times toxicity.
e.g. Warfarin + Metronidazole (enzyme inhibitor) → Haemorrhage.

15. 4) Interactions during excretion: Some drugs interacts with others at the site of excretion i.e. in kidneys. e.g. Penicillin (antibiotic) + Probenecid (antigout drug) → Increases the duration of action of penicillin (Both drugs excreted through tubular secretion).

16. 5. Pharmacodynamic interactions:
Drug Synergism:
Additive effect:
e.g. Combination of ephedrine and aminophyllin in the treatment of bronchial asthma.
Potentiation effect:
e.g. Trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole.

17. Drug Antagonism:
The phenomenon of opposing actions of two drugs on the same physiological system is called drug antagonism.
Chemical antagonism: In this the biological activity of a drug can be reduced or abolished by a chemical reaction with another agent.
e.g. Antagonism between acids and alkalis.
Competitive or reversible antagonism: In this the agonist and antagonist compete for the
same receptors and the extent to which the antagonist opposes the pharmacological
action of the agonist. Competitive antagonism can be overcome by increasing the
concentration of the agonist at the receptor site.
e.g. Acetylcholine and atropine antagonism at muscarinic receptors.

18. Non competitive antagonism:
In this type of the antagonism an antagonist inactivates the receptor (R) so that the effective complex with the agonist cannot be formed, irrespective of the agonist concentration.
e.g. Acetylcholine and papaverine on smooth muscle.
Physiological antagonism: When the physiological effect of a drug is antagonized by another drug by acting on two different types of receptors
e.g. Acetyl choline causes constriction where as adrenaline causes dilatation of pupil.

19. Importance of drug antagonism
Correcting adverse effects of drugs
Treating drug poisoning.
e.g. Morphine with naloxone, organophosphate compounds with atropine.
Predicting drug combinations which would reduce drug efficacy.