1. The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, Asia (1415-1796)
Ch. 14
Focus: How did European voyages of exploration lead to European empires in the Eastern Hemisphere?

2. Crusades increase demand for foreign goods (1200-1300s)
14.1 – The Search for Spices Focus: How did the search for spices lead to global exploration?
Crusades increase demand for foreign goods ( s)
Luxury items – land routes

3. 1400s – Europeans obtain goods from Italian & Muslim traders*
14.1 – The Search for Spices
1400s – Europeans obtain goods from Italian & Muslim traders*
Moluccas – Spice Islands; chief source of goods*
Island region in eastern Indonesia (SE Asia)

4. European motivation to explore:*
14.1 – The Search for Spices
European motivation to explore:*
Profit: main motive*
spices
Spread Christianity*
Technology*
Explorers with a lawn mower!

6. 14.1 – The Search for Spices Portugal*
Leads European exploration*
Prince Henry – “The Navigator”*– Easier route to Asia
Gathers:
Cartographers – map makers*
Scientists
Shipbuilders – redesign
Train crews - long voyages

7. 14.1 – The Search for Spices Bartholomeu Dias* Portuguese*
Rounded southern tip of Africa* – 1488
Cape of Good Hope*
Opened sea route to Asia*

8. 14.1 – The Search for Spices Vasco da Gama* Portuguese*
Rounded tip of Africa – continued to India*
Reached spice port of Calicut*
Lost ½ his ships on return home; many crew die
Voyage still profitable
Creates trading empire
Portugal – status as world power*

9. Christopher Columbus*
14.1 – The Search for Spices
Christopher Columbus*
Italian navigator*
Sails for Spain* (Ferdinand & Isabella)
Hope to increase wealth & prestige
3 ships (Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria)
Wants to reach East Indies by sailing West*
Underestimates size of Earth

10. Christopher Columbus
Oct. 12, 1492* – reaches island in Caribbean Sea, San Salvador* (West Indies)
Believes he is in East Asia (East Indies)*
Calls natives “Los Indios” – Indians*
Europeans soon realize they have discovered unknown continents

11. Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
14.1 – The Search for Spices
Ferdinand & Isabella
1493 – appeal to pope for help in claiming new lands
Line of Demarcation*
Pope – divides non-European world into two sections*
Spain – land to west*
Portugal – land to east*
Treaty of Tordesillas
Finalized Line of Demarcation agreement*

12. Amerigo Vespucci* Italian sea captain Traveled to Brazil*
14.1 – The Search for Spices
Amerigo Vespucci*
Italian sea captain
Traveled to Brazil*
Journal descriptions*
Cartographer, Martin Waldseemuller, uses descriptions to create a map
“America”*

13. Vasco Nunez de Balboa* – 1513
14.1 – The Search for Spices
Vasco Nunez de Balboa* – 1513
Land passage through Panama*
First to see Pacific Ocean – named it the South Sea*

14. Ferdinand Magellan* 14.1 – The Search for Spices
Search for direct route to Pacific (Asia)*
Set sail from Spain – 5 ships
Killed in Philippines
1 ship & 18 sailors return
Crew – first to circumnavigate, sail around, the world*

15. 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa Focus: What affects did European exploration have on the people of Africa?
Portugal*
Sea route to Asia*
By-pass “middlemen”
Small forts along West African coast*
Collect food & water
Repair Ships
Trading posts
Advance:
Establish on East African coast*
Attack Mombasa & Malindi* (SE Kenya)
Expel Arabs
Expand their empire

16. 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Portugal cont’d
Remain on African coast*
Interested in trade
Lack resources for interior exploration*
Maps*

17. 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
African Slave Trade
1500 & 1600s: slaves viewed as most valuable trade item* (commodity)
Slave – Slavs taken from Russia to work as unpaid laborers during Roman times
Slavery existed in Africa & elsewhere since ancient times
Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Aztecs, Indians, Persians

18. 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Portuguese*
First European nation to enter slave trade*
Followed by others
Saw profit in slave labor
Slaves used for:*
Plantations – large estates ran by an owner or owner’s overseer*
Servants – for rich households

19. 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Slave Trade*
Seldom participated in
interior slave raids
Relied on African rulers:*
Capture weaker tribes
Bring captured to coastal trading ports*
Exchange for products – rum, tobacco, weapons, textiles,etc.
Slaves considered as “property”; a trade good
Expanded slave trade to meet needs & gain wealth*

23. 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Affonso I*
Ruler of Kongo*
Tutored by Portuguese missionaries – hoping to convert Africans to Christianity
Attempted to stop slave trade*
- failed*

24. 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Asante kingdom* (present day Ghana)
Osei Tutu*
Gained power from trade*
Monopoly, or exclusive control of a business*, on:
Slaves*
Gold*
In exchange for firearms

25. 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Portuguese power declines
British, Dutch (Netherlands), & French take over ports
Establish permanent footholds

26. 14.2 – Turbulent Centuries in Africa
Dutch*
1652 – Cape Town*
First permanent European settlement*
Used to supply ships
Boers – Dutch farmers that settle in Cape Town*
Ousted, kill, or enslave those who live there
Consider Africans inferior – Boers are Calvinist
By 1700 migrate inland – battle African groups
Boer Wars

27. 14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia Focus: How did European nations build empires in South & Southeast Asia?
Portugal (1500s)
Afonso de Albuquerque
Commands Portuguese fleet
Take Island of Goa (1510)– off India’s coast
Take East Indies port Malacca (1511)
Massacre Muslims
Establish outposts – distant areas under their control*

28. 14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia
Dutch*
Challenge Portuguese domination*
1602 – Dutch East India Company*
Private trading group*
Sovereign power:*
Complete – no limits*
Armies, wage war, make treaties, govern territory*
Decline due to English & French advances (1700s)
Remain in Indonesia until 1900s

30. 14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia
Spain (1500s)*
Takes over Philippines*
Filipinos not united – easy to conquer
Spanish ship silver from Mexico & Peru to Philippines*
Use silver to buy goods from China

33. 14.3 –European Footholds in South & SE Asia
Mughal Empire*
Center of spice trade (India)*
See no threat from Europeans*– allow them to build forts along coastal towns
Empire weakens
Europeans seek assistance: *
Sepoys – local Indian troops – serve in armies set up by the English & French*

34. 14.4 – Encounters in East Asia Focus: How were European encounters in East Asia shaped by the worldviews of both Europeans and Asians?
China*
Ming Dynasty*
Not interested in European goods*
Europeans must pay with gold or silver*
Matteo Ricci
Jesuit priest missionary – *little success in spreading religious beliefs*
Impress Chinese through knowledge of Europe – Renaissance ideas

35. 14.4 – Encounters in East Asia
Manchu*
Manchuria (north of China)
Conquer Ming Dynasty
Set up Qing Dynasty* (1600s-1900s)
Qianlong
Qing emperor
Extends empire to central Asia*
Rules largest area in nation’s history
Promotes Chinese culture

36. 14.4 – Encounters in East Asia
China*
Rejects contact with Europeans*
Products “crude”

37. 14.4 – Encounters in East Asia
Korea*
“Hermit Kingdom”*
Little contact with outside world*
Merchants – low social status
Avoid being crushed by powerful neighbors
Europeans shipwreck on shores – imprisoned or killed

38. 14.4 – Encounters in East Asia
Japan*
Tokugawa shoguns turn against Europeans after learning Spain had seized Philippines (see as threat)*
Outlaw building of large ships – end foreign trade
Nagasaki - allow 1-2 Dutch ships each year to trade at harbor*
Remains mostly isolated for 200 years