1. Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2. What are Anxiety Disorders?
Anxiety Disorders: psychological disorders characterized by persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

3. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy

4. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
DSM – V Diagnostic Criteria for GAD: Page 222 in DSM
A. Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities (such as work or school performance).
B. The person finds it difficult to control the worry.
C. The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the following six symptoms. (Note: Only one item is required in children.)
restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge 
being easily fatigued 
difficulty concentrating or mind going blank 
irritability 
muscle tension 
sleep disturbance

5. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
DSM Diagnostic Criteria for GAD:
The anxiety, worry or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning
The disturbance is not due to the physiological effects of a substance or medical condition
The disturbance is not better explained by another medical disorder

6. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Symptoms may include dizziness, sweating palms, heart palpitations, ringing in ears
Continual worry, jittery, agitated
Symptoms for six months or more
2/3 are women
Free-floating anxiety
GAD Symptoms

7. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder: Page 208 in DSM
a person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread

8. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder:
Panic strikes suddenly, wreaks havoc, then disappears
1 in 75 experience panic attacks: several minutes of intense fear something horrible is about to happen
Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, “can’t breathe”

9. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
Specific Phobia: Page 197 in DSM
a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation
10. Necrophobia – death
9. Astraphobia – thunderstorms lightning
8. Nosophobia – having a disease
7. Mysophobia – germs
6. Ophiobia – snakes
5. Triskaidekaphobia – #13
4. Arachnophobia – spiders
3. Nyctophobia – dark
2. Arophobia – heights
1. Claustrophobia – enclosed places

10. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
Common Specific Phobias:

11. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
Common Specific Phobias:

12. Three Major Anxiety Disorders
Specific Phobia:
Many learn to just live with the phobia
Not all have a specific trigger, like social anxiety disorder or even agoraphobia

13. Anxiety Disorder Treatments
Psychopharmacology
Cognitive/Behavioral Therapy

15. Two Others Involving Anxiety
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:
a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event

16. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

17. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessions are repetitive thoughts
Everybody engages in some obsessions, like having difficulty getting a song out of your head
Where does it cross the line from normal to abnormal?
Refer to your definition of disorder: distress & interference with daily living

18. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Common Obsessions:
Fear of being contaminated by germs or dirt or contaminating others.
Fear of causing harm to yourself or others.
Intrusive sexually explicit or violent thoughts and images.
Excessive focus on religious or moral ideas.
Fear of losing or not having things you might need.
Order and symmetry: the idea that everything must line up “just right.”
Superstitions: excessive attention to something considered lucky or unlucky.

19. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Compulsions are behaviors
Again, everybody engages in some compulsive behaviors, like straightening papers or items on a shelf
Compulsive behavior usually has rituals and can be organized in two general categories:
Checkers
Washers

20. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
People with OCD frequently know their obsessions or compulsive behaviors are irrational.
The compulsive behaviors and rituals are thought to keep bad things from happening and reduce anxiety.
OCD more common among teens and young adults than older people.

21. True Life – I Have OCD “Kim”

22. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
In part, memories exist to protect us in the future.
PTSD symptoms are reported by survivors of battles, accidents, disasters, violence
PTSD is a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal or other symptoms that that linger for four weeks or more after the traumatic event.
The greater the trauma during the event, the higher the risk for symptoms.

23. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
The more frequent the assault experience, the more adverse the long-term effect.
Sensitive limbic system seems to increase risk.

24. What PTSD is Really like

25. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Critics say PTSD is over diagnosed because of widened guidelines.
Survivor Resiliency refers to those who do not respond pathologically to traumatic events.
Posttraumatic growth refers to the positive psychological changes that come as a result of struggling with extremely challenging life circumstances.

26. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD & PTSD
The Learning Perspective holds that classical and/or operant conditioning play roles in these disorders.
Observational Learning suggests that we learn fears by observing the reactions of others.
Cognitive perspective suggests people have irrational or exaggerated beliefs about their situation that contribute to the difficulty.
Biological perspective includes a variety of explanations

27. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD & PTSD
Best explanation seems to rest in the intersection of Nature/Nurture
Biological predispositions are manifested when environmental situations occur.
This is the basis of the Diathesis-Stress model.