1. Chapter 3: Chemical Compounds

2. A solution is a mixture in which one substance is dissolved, or broken down, in another substance.
Example: sugar dissolved in water

3. A solution consists of 2 parts: the solute and the solvent.
solute: the substance that is dissolved (sugar)
solvent: the substance that does the dissolving (water)
Water = Universal Solvent!

4. The ability of a substance to be dissolved in a solute is called solubility. This is a measure of how much solute can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent.
Doesn’t dissolve = Insoluble!

5. The amount of a solute that is dissolved in a certain amount of solvent is called the solution’s concentration.
Concentrated solution: solution in which a large amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent.

6. Dilute solution: solution in which there is only a little solute dissolved in a solvent.
Saturated solution: solution that contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature. No more solute can be dissolved.

7. Acids are substances that readily donate protons
Acids are substances that readily donate protons. This means that when an acids combines with another substance, it will donate a positively charged hydrogen ion (H+).

8. The more easily an acid donates a proton, the stronger the acid is.
Strong acids include: Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
Nitric acid, HNO3
Hydrochloric acid, HCl

9. Properties of Acids Sour taste Turn litmus paper red React with metals
Conduct electricity

10. Bases are substances that contain the hydroxide ion, OH-.
Bases are strong proton acceptors! This means that when a base combines with another substance, it will accept a H+ ion to form H2O.

11. Strong bases include:
potassium hydroxide KOH
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

12. Properties of Bases Taste bitter, slippery feel Turn litmus paper blue
Turn phenolphthalein pink
Conduct electricity

13. A given solution can be either acidic, basic, or neutral.
The acidity of a solution is measured using the pH scale. The numbers on this scale range from 1 (strong acid) to 14 (strong base). When pH = 7, a solution is said to be neutral!

14. When acids react with bases, a neutralization reaction occurs
When acids react with bases, a neutralization reaction occurs. These reactions produce water and a compound called salts.
A salt is a compound formed from the positive ion of a base and the negative ion of an acid. Salts are neutral substances!
Example: HCl + NaOH  H2O + NaCl

15. Carbon forms an important family of compounds known as organic compounds. The word organic means coming from life. All organic compounds contain carbon atoms.

16. A structural formula shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms in a molecule. In structural formulas, a dash (-) represents a pair of shared electrons in a covalent bond.

17. Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures are called isomers.
Examples: Butane C4H10
Isobutane C4H10

18. A hydrocarbon is a substance that contains only C and H.

19. Saturated hydrocarbon: all bonds between carbon atoms are single covalent bonds.

20. Unsaturated hydrocarbon: one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms are either a double bond or triple bond.

21. Classes of Hydrocarbons
1.    alkanes: have only single bonds
2. alkenes: have a double bond
2.    alkynes: have a triple bond.
3.    aromatic hydrocarbon: carbon forms the shape of a ring, these compounds often have a strong odor.

22. Organic Compounds of Life
Carbohydrates (made of simple sugars)
Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes)
Proteins (chains of amino acids)
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)