1. Westward Expansion and the Mexican-American War
Module 4
Expansion and Conflict

2. “Manifest Destiny” 1872 John Gast “Spirit of the Frontier”
This painting shows "Manifest Destiny" (the religious belief that the United States should expand from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean in the name of God). In 1872 artist John Gast painted a popular scene of people moving west that captured the view of Americans at the time. Called "Spirit of the Frontier" and widely distributed as an engraving portrayed settlers moving west, guided and protected by a goddess-like figure of Columbia and aided by technology (railways, telegraphs), driving Native Americans and bison into obscurity. It is also important to note that angel is bringing the "light" as witnessed on the eastern side of the painting as she travels towards the "darkened" west. The concept of American expansion is much older, but John L. O'Sullivan coined the exact term "Manifest Destiny" in the July/August 1845 issue of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review in an article titled "Annexation."

3. What is Manifest Destiny?
The belief that the US should expand its territory from coast to coast

4. US Territorial Expansion
Date
1776
1 - Original 13 Colonies
From Where?
Great Britain
Reason Aquired 1
US declared independence from Great Britain

5. US Territorial Expansion
When?
3–Colonies to Mississippi R.
1783
From Where?
Great Britain
Reason Acquired
Treaty of Paris ended American Revolution 1 3

6. US Territorial Expansion
When?
4 - Louisiana Purchase
1803
From Where?
France
Reason Acquired
Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon for $15 million 1 4 3

7. US Territorial Expansion
When?
2 - Florida
1819
From Where?
Spain
Reason Acquired
Spain sold it to the US for $5 million in the Adams-Onis Treaty 1 4 3 2

8. US Territorial Expansion
When?
5 - Texas
1845
From Where?
Republic of Texas (Independent Country)
Reason Acquired
The Republic of Texas was annexed 1 4 3 5 2

9. US Territorial Expansion
When?
6 - Oregon Territory
1846
From Where?
Great Britain
Reason Acquired
US made an agreement w/ Great Britain 6 1 4 3 5 2

10. US Territorial Expansion
When?
7 - Mexican Cession
1848
From Where?
Mexico
Why?
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War; the US gives $15 million for it 6 1 4 3 7 5 2

11. US Territorial Expansion
Area #: 8
Date: 1853
Area Acquired: Gadsden Purchase
Reason: US purchased land from Mexico
Effect: Economic

12. Puzzle Output Cut out the puzzle pieces and put the puzzle together.
Label the pieces – put name of area and the date it was acquired
Color each area on your notes a different color and color the corresponding puzzle piece the same color.
Glue the pieces to your construction paper.

13. Texas 1837: Texas asks to be annexed by the U.S.
President Jackson refused because Texas was a slave state
1845: President Polk approved the annexation of Texas (28th state)
Angry Mexico considered Texas a “stolen province”
Why did Mexico feel this way?

14. War with Mexico
After the annexation of Texas, Mexico cut off all ties with the U.S.
Ordered Americans out of California
Disputed border between Texas and Mexico
What did this mean for Mexico? How do you think the people who lived in Texas felt?
What does annexation mean?
What does disputed mean?

15. Mexico felt threatened by the American concept of Manifest Destiny.
More and more Americans were heading to California and other parts of Northern Mexico.

16. War with Mexico
Pres. Polk sent General Zachary Taylor and troops to the Rio Grande
Mexican soldiers attacked
Congress declared war in 1846

17. California declares their independence as the Bear Flag Republic

18. Mexican Expectation
Mexico expected to win battle/war and to get Texas back.
Mexico had 4 times the amount of troops and were well trained and battle tested.
Santa Anna was brought back from exile in Cuba
Promised Polk he would work on a truce

19. War with Mexico Why did the U.S. go to war with Mexico?
Do you think the war was just about control over Texas?

20. Winfield Scott
He will also be the first General of the North at the start of the Civil War.

25. War with Mexico U.S. troops took over New Mexico and California
US troops led by Winfield Scott pushed Mexican troops back and captured Mexico City
1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War.

26. Victory Major fighting ended September 14, 1847
116,000 US troops served
13,000 died (mostly from disease)
War cost US $98 million
Mexico lost countless lives and much property was destroyed.

27. Texans in the Mexican War
6,000 Texans volunteered
Texas ready to fight Santa Anna again!
“There is at last…an opportunity to pay off a little of the debt of vengeance which has been accumulating since the Alamo…..every man will think of his countrymen martyred at the Alamo, Goliad and at Mier.”
--Charles DeMorse

28. Famous soldiers Texas: Mexico Governor Pickney Henderson
Mirabeau Lamar
Texas Rangers
Mexico
Juan Seguin

29. The Texas Rangers

30. The Texas Rangers Formed on November 24, 1835.
A defense force that tried to keep the peace on the frontier and protect the Texas settlers.
The Texas government paid the Rangers $25 a month, provide them with land and supply them with ammunition.
Many Rangers served out of dedication and civic duty.

31. Duties and Abilities To guard the frontier
Mounted so could cover land as quickly as Indians
Used Colt six-shooters (could fire 6 shots without reloading)

32. Effects on Texas Enabled settlers to move westward
Led to increased conflicts between American Indians and settlers

34. Texas Rangers in the War
Mexicans called them los diablos de Tejanos.
Translation: Texas Devils

35. Used the Colt Revolvers
Served as scouts and fought in battles
They were the first used to scout the most practical route for the army to use on march to Monterrey.
Gained world wide fame.

36. Jack Coffee Hays 1817-1883 One of the most famous of the Texas Rangers
Early user of the colt revolver
Led the Rangers on a campaign against the Comanche and other hostile tribes, and succeeded in weakening their power.

37. Commanded the force against the invasion from Mexico of 1842 and in the Mexican-American War where the Rangers excelled and gained a nationwide fame.
selected to lead an expedition to blaze a route from San Antonio to El Paso
Moved to California and one of the founders of Oakland, CA
Hays county named for him as is Hays High School

40. Video

41. Weird but interesting
Santa Anna lost his left leg in the French Pastry War in 1838
His leg was given a full state funeral and buried in Mexico City.
He began using a prosthetic leg

42. Illinois volunteers captured the leg during Mexican American War.
The US wanted to trade the leg for New Orleans Grey flag captured by Santa Anna during the Battle of the Alamo.
The flag flew in Mexico City.
Mexico refused.

43. It is now on display at Camp Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois

45. Mexicans were so outraged by Santa Anna’s agreement to the Gadsden Purchase they dug up his leg and paraded it through town and finally set it on fire.

46. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico:
Recognized the annexation of Texas
Recognized the Rio Grande as the Texas-Mexico border
Agreed to “give” the Mexican Cession to the US

47. US Agree to cover the $3.25 million in American claims
Agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for the Mexican Cession

48. What territories were included in the Mexican Cession?
Present-day states of
California
Nevada
Utah
Portions of the present-day states of
Arizona
Colorado
New Mexico
Wyoming

49. What was the effect of the Mexican Cession for the U.S.? For Mexico?
What was the effect of the Mexican Cession for the U.S.? For Mexico?

50. War with Mexico Some Americans wanted all of Mexico
Polk pointed out the benefits of a treaty with Mexico
1853: Gadsden Purchase was made, adding southern Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S. for $10 million