1. 11/13/2018
Poverty and Deprivation in Central Europe: Concepts, Measurement and Application
Frank (FH) Flinterman
Faculty of Spatial Sciences
University of Groningen
The Netherlands

2. Introduction Personal background Structure of this presentation
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Introduction
Personal background
Structure of this presentation
Background of this research

3. Main Research Question
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Main Research Question
Central question:
Which region-specific factors explain differences between multidimensional poverty risks of vulnerable groups in Central Europe?

4. Theoretical Framework
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Theoretical Framework

5. 11/13/2018
Definitions
Poverty: the inability to meet basic material needs (Financial poverty)
Deprivation: the insufficient capabilities to meet basic needs. (Multidimensional poverty)
A livelihood comprises the assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social capital), the activities, and the access to these (mediated by institutions and social relations) that together determine the living gained by the individual or household

6. 11/13/2018
Data
“The EU-SILC is an instrument aiming at collecting timely and comparable cross-sectional and longitudinal multidimensional micro data on income, poverty, social exclusion and living conditions. This instrument is anchored in the European Statistical System”
53,428 households
125,316 personal interviews

7. Operationalisation (1)
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Operationalisation (1)
Poverty
Deprivation
State 1
non-poor
non-deprived
State 2
poor
State 3
deprived
State 4

8. Operationalisation (2)
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Operationalisation (2)
Financial
Housing
Societal
Health
Subjective
Income percentile
Durables
Education level
General health
Financial problems
Arrears on payment
Sanitation
Employment situation
Health problems
Vulnerability
Financial vulnerability
Living conditions
Mobility
Unmet need
Living environment
Notes: Each category scores 1-5. The dimension score is a simple average of all categories

9. Equivalised household size 6,5 1,84 0,660
11/13/2018 N
Min.
Max.
Mean
Std. Dev.
Household size
45053 1 14
2,84
1,493
Equivalised household size
6,5
1,84
0,660
Marital status household head (cat.)
45047 4
n.a.
Household category (cat.) 11
Activity status household head (cat.)
Number of children
1,10
1,512
Country of birth household head
45019
0,06
0,246
Urbanization degree
39314 3
2,10
0,914
Valid N
39302
Notes: No data on urbanization degree for Slovenia, (cat.) Categorical variable.

10. Share of elderly of total population 0.12 0.17 0.15 0.017
11/13/2018 N
Min.
Max.
Mean
Std. Dev.
GDP per inhabitant
45053
4532.8
Population density 31
2424.9
135.40
Share of elderly of total population
0.12
0.17
0.15
0.017
Unemployment rate 15 years and older
2.8
16.4
9.58
3.858
Share of university graduates of total population
0.06
0.25
0.16
0.047
Doctors per 1000 inhabitants
41296
189.3
666
264.22
66.727
Hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants
477.5
1071
666.26
Share of heavy metal industry of total manufacturing
0.07
0.34
0.13
0.046
Valid N
Notes: No data on doctors per 1000 inhabitants and hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants for Lithuania.

11. Hierarchical analysis
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Hierarchical analysis
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

12. 11/13/2018
Hypotheses
Households with many children, households with an inactive head and elderly households have a significantly lower well-being in comparison to their financial poverty state, because of restricted access to public services.
Indicators of the quality of health and education services are expected to have a strong influence on the multidimensional poverty risk of the distinguished vulnerable groups, as these households suffer most from the low quality of and restricted access to public services.

13. 11/13/2018
40% line
20% line
Exp(B)
Sig.
Single male
1.084
0.428
1.216
0.056
Single female
1.203
0.046
1.373
0.000
Single parent with child(ren)
1.204
0.103
1.912
Couple w/o children
0.705
0.725
Couple with 1-2 child(ren)
0.588
0.672
Couple with 3+ children
0.799
0.085
0.997
0.981
Elderly couple
1.009
0.894
0.935
0.318
Single male elderly
0.806
0.066
0.855
0.147
Single female elderly
1.595
1.761
Other w/o children
0.860
0.032
0.827
0.010
Other with child(ren)
0 (b) -
Born in country of residence
Born in another country
Employed
1.776
1.865
Unemployed
1.092
0.311
1.176
0.034
Retired
1.083
0.270
1.065
0.347
Inactive
Densely populated
0.937
0.090
0.837
Intermediately populated
1.035
0.486
0.828
Thinly populated

14. 11/13/2018
40% line
20% line
Exp(B)
Sig.
Single male
0.945
0.494
1.456
0.000
Single female
1.013
0.873
1.229
0.016
Single parent with child(ren)
1.237
0.014
1.923
Couple w/o children
0.382
0.551
Couple with 1-2 child(ren)
0.795
1.006
0.925
Couple with 3+ children
1.801
2.421
Elderly couple
0.642
0.516
Single male elderly
0.741
0.030
0.729
0.042
Single female elderly
0.935
0.492
1.122
0.227
Other w/o children
0.360
0.442
Other with child(ren)
0 (b) -
Born in country of residence
Born in another country
Employed
1.000
0.998
1.202
0.078
Unemployed
0.446
0.345
Retired
1.197
0.012
1.255
0.002
Inactive
Densely populated
0.506
0.489
Intermediately populated
0.683
0.474
Thinly populated

15. 11/13/2018
Estimate
Sig.
Intercept
3.472
0.000
Single male
-0.116
Single female
-0.088
Single parent child(ren)
-0.182
Couple w/o children
0.100
Couple with 1-2 child(ren)
0.097
Couple with 3+ children
-0.077
Elderly couple
0.048
Single male elderly
-0.007
0.701
Single female elderly
-0.165
Other w/o children
0.053
Other with child(ren)
0 (b) -
Employed
0.433
Unemployed
-0.299
Retired
0.010
0.440
Inactive
Urbanization degree
0.045

16. 11/13/2018
Regional population density
-3.4E-04
0.000
Regional GDP per head
4.3E-05
Doctors per 1000 inhabitants
3.5E-04
Hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants
-5.1E-04
Railroad kms per km2
1.625
Regional proportion of tertiary
-1.2E-02
students of total students/pupils
Model Statistics
-2RLL
AIC

17. Single parent child(ren) -0.176
Estimate
Sig.
Intercept
3.361
0.000
Single male
-0.127
Single female
-0.090
Single parent child(ren)
-0.176
Couple w/o children
0.092
Couple with 1-2 child(ren)
0.102
Couple with 3+ children
-0.077
Elderly couple
0.041
Single male elderly
-0.020
0.249
Single female elderly
-0.173
Other w/o children
0.052
Other with child(ren)
0 (b) -
Employed
0.446
Unemployed
-0.284
Retired
0.018
0.106
Inactive
Urbanization degree
0.054
Regional GDP per head
4.2E-05
Regional proportion of tertiary students
-0.016
of total students/pupils
Model Statistics
-2RLL
AIC
11/13/2018

18. 11/13/2018
Conclusions
Elderly households and urban households are the main groups that have a higher deprivation relative to their poverty risk
Larger families are relatively more at risk of poverty than of deprivation
A significant part of the variability in well-being is due to regional differences
Only regional GDP per capita seems to explain part of the regional variability in well-being means