3. AHL 7.2

5. AHL 7.2

6. AHL 7.2

8. Transcription animation:
Translation animation:

17. 2. Elongation of translation is the step-wise creation of a polypeptide chain using the genetic code carried on mRNA.
Many ribosomes can perform translation simultaneously on the same mRNA transcript. The is called a polysome.
Each of the dark spots is a ribosome in the EM image below.
1. tRNA with complementary anticodon is brought to the ribosome by tRNA-activating enzymes that are specific to the codon
2. A peptide bond is formed between the first amino acid and second amino acid in the chain.
See the whole process in action here:
3. Ribosome shifts by one codon, exposing the A site, and kicking out the first tRNA.
4. A new tRNA is brought in, complementary to the next codon, and steps repeat until a stop codon is reached.

22. The universality of the genetic code allows for human insulin to be produced in bacteria.
The gene for insulin can be reverse engineered from the amino acid sequence of the insulin protein.
Then the DNA is placed into the plasmid of a bacterium, and the bacterium is allowed to replicate.
Normal protein synthesis now includes the production of insulin!
Check it out!
In what way is this similar to the production of Glo-Fish, using the Luc gene from Fireflies?