1. Model-Driven Ontology Engineering
The Semantic Web
11/13/2018
Model-Driven Ontology Engineering

2. Initial steps [Cranefield, 2001]
UML class diagrams provide a static modeling capability that is well-suited for representing ontologies
UML object diagrams can be interpreted as declarative representations of knowledge
OCL for ontology constraints
advantage: using the same paradigm for modeling ontologies and knowledge
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

3. Cranefield’s approach
Technology requirements
XMI – for sharing UML models
RDF/XML – for sharing RDS(S) ontologies
UML tools that produce UML XMI
XSLT that transforms UML XMI to:
a set of Java classes and interfaces corresponding to those in the ontology
RDF & RDF Schema
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

4. Cranefield’s approach
Example: The family ontology
Person
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WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

5. Cranefield’s approach
Transformation to RDF(S)
XSLT implementation
Classes to RDFS
Objects to RDF
Mapping problems
UML classes have different features – attributes, associations, and association classes
RDFS – fields or properties
RDFS properties are first-class objects
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

6. Cranefield’s approach
Transformation to RDFS
Some solutions
properties in RDFS have a class prefix (but, this has a problem with class inheritance)
upper limit for multiplicity greater than 1  RDFS bag
association ends with a UML “ordered” constraint  RDFS sequences …
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

7. Cranefield’s approach
Resulting RDFS for the family ontology
(excerpt)
<rdf:Property ID="
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource="
<rdfs:range rdf:resource="rdf:Seq"/>
<rdfsx:containerElementType rdf:resource="
</rdf:Property>
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

8. Monograph
D. Gašević D. Djurić V. Devedžić Model Driven Architecture and Ontology Development Springer, ISBN:
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

9. OMG’s Request for Proposal (RFP)
UML could be a means towards more rapid development of ontologies:
familiarity of users with UML
availability of UML tools
existence of many domain models in UML
similarity of those models to ontologies
using UML-based tools for developing ontologies can be practical
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

10. OMG’s Request for Proposal (RFP)
This approach continues the Object Management Group's "gradual move to more complete semantic models." It would also create a link between the UML community and the emerging Semantic Web community, much as other metamodels and profiles have created links with the developer and middleware communities.
OMG Document: ad/
Semantic Web
ontologies
Model Driven Architecture
models
models
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

11. OMG’s RFP: Ontology Definition Metamodel (ODM)
Graphical representation of RFP
PIM
PSM
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

12. ODM Specification Requirements
Mandatory Requirements
define ODM using MOF2 Core that represents the semantics of ontologies, including but not necessarily limited to OWL ontologies
depict ODM using UML
it must be based on the appropriate elements of 2.x versions of OMG metamodels
a UML2 Profile extending the UML2 metamodel for ontology definition
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

13. ODM Specification Requirements
Mandatory Requirements
forward and reverse engineering of logically equivalent ontologies between environments
iterative development of ontologies
a language mapping from ODM to OWL DL
this mapping should be two-way and bounded
an XMI Schema based on ODM
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

14. ODM Specification Requirements
Optional Requirements
mapping multiple ontologies into a single UML model
round-trip engineering across language environments
a mapping for DAML+OIL, or other ontology languages, with the same characteristics as those described for OWL
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

15. ODM Specification Requirements
Optional Requirements
a profile, a metamodel, and mappings needed to support OWL Full
RDF and RDFS would also be supported as a consequence
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

16. OMG ODM Current Proposal
ODM Metamodels
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

17. OMG ODM Current Proposal
Some ODM issues w.r.t. MOF2
ODM proposal was tailored w.r.t. the ECore metamodel
Our observation
The name of any element within the same namespace must be unique (e.g. the contains association)
Many associations were left unnamed in ODM joint submission – MOF2 incompatible
if an association does not have direct RDFS counterpart, verbs should be used for names
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

18. OMG ODM Current Proposal – RDFS Metamodel
RDFSResource – All things described by RDF are called resources
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

19. OMG ODM Current Proposal – RDFS Metamodel
Ontology and Classes
Ontology – consists of various classes and properties that can be used to represent a domain of knowledge (not an RDFS construct)
RDFSClass – provides an abstraction mechanism for grouping similar resources
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

20. OMG ODM Current Proposal – RDFS Metamodel
Property and Statement
Property – Relates Resources to Classes
Bob Marley was Jamaican
Statement – Connects concrete Resources
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

21. OMG ODM Current Proposal – RDFS Metamodel
Containers
Open collections
Close collections
11/13/2018
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22. OMG ODM Current Proposal – OWL Metamodel
OWL Hierarchy
Concept that are not explicitly defined in the OWL language –their names are not prefixed with OWL in this metamodel
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

23. OMG ODM Current Proposal – OWL Metamodel
Classes
Class – an abstraction mechanism for grouping Individuals with similar characteristics
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24. OMG ODM Current Proposal – OWL Metamodel
Properties
Property – Relates Individual to another Individual or DataValue (not an OWL construct)
OWLObjectProperty – Relates Individual to another Individual
OWLFunctionalProperty
OWLTransitiveProperty
OWLSymmetricProperty OWLInverseFunctionalProperty
OWLDatatypeProperty – Relates Individual to another Datavalue
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

25. OMG ODM Current Proposal – OWL Metamodel
OWLRestriction – An anonymous Class of all Individuals that satisfy certain Property restriction
OWL Restriction
One class (OWLRestriction) used for all kinds of restrictions
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

26. OMG ODM Current Proposal – OWL Metamodel
OWL Individuals
OWL makes a significant difference between named individuals (“objects”), and plain data values
RDFtype association has a constraint that the other end has to be an OWLClass
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

27. OMG ODM Current Proposal – OWL Metamodel
OWL Ontology OWL Utilities
11/13/2018
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28. Ontology UML Profile (OUP)
Example: Petri net ontology
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

29. Ontology UML Profile (OUP)
Example: Petri net ontology
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

30. Ontology UML Profile (OUP)
Example: Petri net ontology
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

31. OMG OUP Current Proposal
Ontology UML Profile (OUP) – OWL Classes
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

32. OMG OUP Current Proposal
Ontology UML Profile (OUP) – OWL Classes
Union, Intersection, Enumeration
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

33. OMG OUP Current Proposal
Ontology UML Profile (OUP) – OWL Properties
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

34. OMG OUP Current Proposal
Ontology UML Profile (OUP) – OWL Statement
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

35. Mappings
All mappings in the ODM specification are defined by using MOF 2 Query/View/Transformation (QVT)
Mappings are defined for
UML <-> OWL
OWL <-> Topic Maps
OWL -> Common Logics
RDFS -> Common Logics
Some other still missing or they are left to vendors
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

36. IBM’s MDA-Based System for Ontology Engineering
ODM-Based Ontology editor: EODM (EMF ODM)
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

37. IBM’s MDA-Based System for Ontology Engineering
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

38. Ontology UML Profile
Ontology UML Profile to OWL converter (Gašević et al, 2005)
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

39. AIR Ontology Editor AIR ontology plug-in
Ontology editor – an AIR plug-in
JMI-compliant repository
NetBeans’ MDR
Based on GOOD OLD AI ODM and OUP
XSLT for exporting into OWL
Available at
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

40. AIR – Conceptual solution
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

41. AIR Ontology Editor
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

42. Model-Driven Ontology Engineering
Summary
ODM is very close to be the official standard
Area for developing tools is mature
Initial solutions explored
More practical application is coming up
Medicine, Risk management, etc.
More integration with other relevant standards
Rules (production rules), SBVR, Service modeling, etc.
New areas of research
Unification of knowledge representation and modeling techniques
Ontologies and models are similar, buy originating from different communities [Atkinson, 2004]
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada

43. Model-Driven Ontology Engineering
Semantic MOF
OMG’s recent RFP
SBVR needed multi-classification layer
ODM required an appendix to modify the metamodel for MOF implementation
Many people thought multiple types were supported
11/13/2018
WWW2007, Banff, AB, Canada